Memento and License Plate Number

Memento is a movie directed by Christopher Nolan, the story is based on the short story Memento Mori by his brother Johnathan Nolan. Memento is a story about a man who loses the ability to make new memories after he witnesses his wife being raped and murdered. The film is told in two different stories: one is in black and white and told chronologically, and the other is in color and told backwards. Leonard Shelby wakes up one night and notices his wife is missing from their bed.He hears grumbling and moaning coming from the bathroom. He proceeds to the bedroom loset and retrieves a pistol; he loads it and walks toward the bathroom. He barges into the bathroom where two guys are raping his wife. He shoots one and the other knocks him into the bathroom mirror knocking him onto the ground. Causing him to have a head injury, where he cannot make any new memories. The last thing he remembers is lying on the ground next to his wife who is wrapped in a shower curtain suffocating.Though his memory problem obstructs his ability to endure lengthy activities, Leonard manages to focus his energies on searching for the second assailant and avenging his wife's rape and murder, reminding himself of important acts by carrying a police file of the crime, taking notes and pictures, and even going so far as to tattoo the most vital details about his mission throughout his body. Along the way, a couple of characters take advantage of his revengeful and forgetful state of mind, deceiving Leonard into murdering several people other than his wife's assailant.Leonard wakes up in a motel room at the Discount Inn, stunned and muddled as to why he is there. The phone rings and Leonard answers. He starts telling the unknown caller about his circumstance, anterograde amnesia, which means he cannot create new memories. Anterograde amnesia is defined as â€Å"a selective memory deficit, resulting from brain injury, in which the individual is severely impaired on learning new informationâ₠¬  (â€Å"Memory Loss & the Brain†). He then tells the caller that he had become an insurance investigator and was assigned to Sammy Jenkins.Sammy had anterograde amnesia, and Leonard was assigned to determine if Sammy's condition was covered under their insurance policy. He tells the caller in order to deal with this circumstance a person must have a system of notes, and the drive to use them. Leonard says he has the motivation that Sammy lacked, we then ee tattooed on Leonard's chest â€Å"John G. raped and killed your wife† (Memento). He continues to tell the caller that through testing Sammy was not covered under his insurance policy because his circumstance was psychological not physical.The caller then identifies himself as Officer Gammell, he tells Leonard the second man from the night of the attack is Jimmy Grantz. Officer Gammell then tells Leonard he has set up a meeting for him and Jimmy. Leonard then heads to the lobby to meet the officer. Officer Gammell tells Leonard to call him Teddy because he is under cover. Teddy gives Leonard directions to an abandoned building outside of town. Leonard goes to the building and waits for Jimmy. Jimmy pulls up and walks inside Jimmy with a tire iron. Leonard then puts Jimmy's clothes on and dresses Jimmy in his old clothes.Leonard then drags Jimmy down the stairs and he hears Jimmy whisper â€Å"Sammy. † Leonard then begins to think how could Jimmy know Sammy? He then realizes there is no way he could be the second attacker. Teddy then pulls up outside and Leonard runs out and tells him to hurry inside someone is wounded. Once inside Leonard turns on Teddy, telling him he sent him to kill the wrong guy. Teddy tries to persuade Leonard that Jimmy was his wife's killer. Finally Teddy confesses that Jimmy Grantz was Just a drug dealer who had nothing to do with the attack on his wife.Teddy then tells Leonard his wife endured the attack and that the story of Sammy Jenkins was truly about hims elf. Teddy also tells Leonard that he was the officer that investigated the attack on his wife. â€Å"He says he believed him about the second attacker and he helped him track down and kill the real John G. over a year ago. Teddy claims that he took a picture of a happy Leonard right after the second attacker was dead† (Memento). Leonard does not recollect the murder at all. Before Leonard can forget what Teddy is telling him he burns the picture that teddy gave him.He then writes â€Å"don't believe his lies† on the back of Teddy's picture (Memento). He also writes down Teddy's license plate number as John G. ‘s license plate number. He writes himself a note to get the license plate number tattooed on him. Setting himself up to kill Teddy as the next John G. Leonard then tosses Teddys keys into the bushes, gets into Jimmy's Jaguar and drives off. While driving he sees a tattoo parlor so he stops and goes inside and roceeds to get the license plate tattooed on hi m.Teddy sees the Jaguar outside so he comes in and suggests that Leonard get out of town and put new clothes on because people are â€Å"starting to ask questions† (Memento). Leonard looks at Teddys picture in his pocket and sees â€Å"don't believe his lies† so he escapes out of the back window and drives away. He finds a coaster in Jimmy's coat pocket that says meet me at Ferdys bar, and the note is from a Natalie. So he goes to the bar and finds Natalie, he tells her about his condition and after a test she believes him. Natalie takes Leonard to her home and tells him he can stay with her.Natalie tricks Leonard into going after a man named Dodd who Natalie says has been abusing her. Leonard goes to meet Dodd to beat him up for Natalie, but when he gets into his car Teddy is waiting for him and he tries to warn Leonard about Natalie but sees the note on the back of Teddys picture so he does not believe him. Leonard goes to meet Dodd at his hotel room and beats him up and ties his hands he then throws him in the closet and calls Teddy for help. Teddy comes to Dodd's hotel room and they take Dodd to a ecluded area and convince him to leave town.Leonard goes back to Natalie's and she says she will trace the license plate number for him because he took care of Dodd for her. She gives him the information and directions to an abandoned building outside of town. Leonard puts the clues together that Teddy must be John G. and calls him to meet him at the building where Jimmy Grantz was killed a couple of days earlier. Leonard then shoots Teddy in the head.

Analytical Proceduresâ€Ratio Analysis Form

11 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES—RATIO ANALYSIS FORM The auditor can use this form to document the performance and evaluation of ratio analysis in connection with analytical procedures performed in an audit. The form is only a guide and is not a substitute for professional judgment. The form may be modified by adding or omitting certain ratio analysis. CLIENT NAME: DATE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: LIQUIDITY RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Current ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Quick or acid test ratio =Current Assets – Inventory Current Liabilities____________________ Comments: PROFITABILITY RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Gross profit ratio = Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold Net Sales____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Operating margin ratio = Income before Income Taxes and Interest Net Sales____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 3. Net income ratio (or profit margin ratio) = Net Income Net Sales____ ________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 4. Return on total assets ratio = Net Income + Interest Expense Total Assets____________________Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 5. Return on equity ratio = Net Income Average Stockholders’ Equity____________________ Comments: LEVERAGE RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Debt to assets ratio = Total Debt Total Assets____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Debt to equity ratio = Long-Term Debt Stockholder’s Equity____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 3. Times interest earned ratio = Income before Income Taxes and Interest Interest Expense____________________ Comments: ACTIVITY RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Inventory turnover =Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Average age of inventory = 360 Days Inventory Turnover____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 3. Accounts receivable turnover = Net Sales Average Accounts Receivable____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__ 19__ 4. Days sales in accounts receivable = 360 Days Accounts Receivable Turnover____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 5. Asset turnover = Net Sales Total Assets____________________ Comments: Prepared by Date Approved by Date

Bussiness Plan for Start-up Restaurant Dissertation

Bussiness Plan for Start-up Restaurant - Dissertation Example This dissertation demonstrates a business plan, that is designed for a restaurant named ChopChop, that deals in organic food items such as salads and health juices in Doha, Qatar. As per the market analysis performed, it was observed that majority population of Qatar is expatriates that increase the scope for continental food flavors among the target customers. A primary analysis performed among the target market customers showed tendency towards consuming healthy food in comparison to fast-food items. Price is not a major issue for the customers of the selected region. The services of Chopchop will be designed in an individual manner wherein the customers can select the ingredients to be put in their salads from a large variety of vegetables in the store. Also, wraps can be served along with the salads with meat, beef and shrimp. The strategic aim of ChopChop is to capture the target market with a differentiation focus. The pricing of the products will be designed with price skimmin g strategy for increasing product life in market. The finical calculations showed that ChopChop can achieve its break-even point by the end of 7 months of its initiation. It has been recommended that the online activities such as website development should be minimized during the first year and replaced with the provision of launching ChopChop with two stores. In conclusion, the researcher recommends a possible future strategy for the company, that will be mostly focused towards identification and penetration of other potential Middle Eastern markets.

Environmental Studies - Air Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Studies - Air Pollution - Essay Example Air pollution also affects the environment in that it causes visibility impairment, damages soil property and structure and most unfortunately, it harms the ozone which in turn changes the structure of the ecosystem Schenelle, Benedict and Alfred say (25), reduces the amount and rate of CO2 by plants .Ozone damage may also cause reduction in biodiversity. Vallero (54) mentioned that biologically, the effects of the air pollution are easily evident among animals who primarily feed on plants that have been affected by the effects of air pollution. The exact direct effect of air pollution on human beings has been hard to measure due to the exposure to other numerous pollution and early medical treatment. Since air pollution is usually in gaseous form it tends to move around easily and globally. Abiotic factors are usually non living things that exist in the environment that affect how living organisms live. Minerals, temperature, salinity, wind, air, light, soil conditions, cloud cover and water availability are some of the examples of the abiotic factors in an ecosystem. Air pollution inevitably affects the cloud cover which in turn regulates the intensity of light penetration to the atmosphere. This affects plants in that they are not able to make food and it also predisposes human beings to rickets. Contaminants in the air specifically carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide sometimes mix with molecules of water or rain to form acid rain. Acid rain is corrosive in nature, because of this it burns the plants sometimes to complete wither and death. â€Å"This rain also causes corrosion of infrastructure through rust, and weakening them which causes accidents that usually not anticipated†, says Holgate (13). Air pollution also affects the rainfall timing and sequence. Biotic factors are living organisms in the ecosystem. Fungus, bacteria, mammals, plants are some of the examples of ecosystem biotic factors. Air pollution determines which vegetati on grows properly and where. Most animals survive under specific weather conditions, but, air pollution has completely altered the temperature of specific places. Light penetration in aquatic bodies has affected the manner in which aquatic animals thrive in their environment. Human beings are known to release dangerous substances into the air which in turn affects them, animals and plant. Air pollution is becoming a great problem to the human race, especially the elderly and children who have slightly weaker respiratory systems compared to the entire demographic sects. Depletion of the ozone layer, smog presence in the environment and global warming are some of the major human facilitated air pollution as mentioned by Schnelle et al. (63). These adverse effects are known to cause numerous and sometimes rare diseases to human beings. Quite often these diseases are respiratory infections or skin diseases as mentioned by Holgate (35).Human beings are also involved in forums to design n ew rule and technology to reduce air pollution. The current environmental and conservation problems caused by air pollution include: Fossil fuel emission has led to depletion of the ozone layer. Excessive release of poisonous gases has led to destruction of wildlife Death of animals from fluoride toxicity. Respiratory and skin diseases on human beings Chlorosis in plants cause by overexposure to acid rain. Global warming. Deforestation. Some of the measure or steps to be taken to prevent or at least reduce the amount of air

How Culture Affects the Spread Of HIV In the United States Essay

How Culture Affects the Spread Of HIV In the United States - Essay Example It is estimated that over 1 million individuals are living with the virus; despite the aggressive prevention and education efforts that are underway to try and curb the spread of this virus. The socio-cultural norms that surround most communities need to be addressed so as to ensure that every individual is well-versed on the issue (Organista 43). This paper will examine the extent to which culture is affecting the spread of this virus, and what is being done to ensure that its spread is curbed before it is too late for all those affected or infected. Issue of concern There is a saying that arises whenever there is the mention of the HIV virus that goes; one is either infected or affected by this strain of infection. It is true to assume that one can be close to someone that has acquired the virus, or one could also be a victim. Among the Latino and African American communities, the spread of the virus is said to be higher than that experienced in other communities in the U.S. This i s especially among the young people who are constantly engaging in risky sexual activities (Organista 52). The unawareness of their status could be one of the main reasons why the spread is much higher in these communities. The spread of this virus is on the rise due to a range of factors, for example; denial, lack of proper medical care, poverty, and even stigma. All these are factors that restrict the prevention efforts aimed at addressing the scourge. Culture, in most ethnic minority groups, plays a major role in the response of the HIV strain among individuals. The diversity that most people of ethnic groups exhibit makes it harder for prevention efforts to have a foothold in most ethnic communities (Dayer-Berenson 76). It is this diversity that makes them engage in behavioral risk factors that differ, hence; increasing the possibility of acquiring the virus. The attitude behind sex and sexual activity among ethnic minority groups is probably one of the main reasons that may lea d to the progression of the virus. The concept surrounding sex and traditional roles in these communities makes the prevention of HIV a complicated topic in countless households. Factors of the problem The problem involved with culture is the fact that people are afraid of talking about sex. This is with either their partners, families, or even their children. In many cases, it is considered as being embarrassing to all the parties involved. This makes it harder for young men and women to understand the importance of communication when it comes to sexual activity with their partners as they grow up, which only works to increase the prevalence rate among these communities (Ray 118). In some instances, the perception that a ‘good’ woman is not supposed to know about sex is the essence that surrounds most homes. Women are, therefore, reduced to remaining ignorant when it comes to sex and their sexuality, which increases the dangers that this virus plays in their lives. Cul ture also plays a vital role in the traditional roles of gender in the U.S. In some minority ethnic groups, for example; the Latino, the men are supposed to be highly sexual individuals. To most of them, abstaining from engaging in sexual activity is an impossible task, and according to some, may even be unhealthy. Such attitudes lead to double standards among these groups, which then allow men to stray from their marriages. In other instances, the role of the man is

The climate emergency by Al Gore Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The climate emergency by Al Gore - Assignment Example The main purpose of the research is to present that in his speech titled â€Å"The Climate Emergency†, Gore defines â€Å"climate emergency† as â€Å"a crisis with an unusual sense of emergency attached to it†. After the introduction of the subject matter, Gore discusses the process known as â€Å"greenhouse effect† and its causes. In this regard, he describes the major factors that contribute to the process of climate change and illustrates his words with a range of examples, such as the statistical data on the level of melting of glaciers in the Arctic. In addition to this, Gore states that climate change is directly caused by several cultural factors. In the second part of the speech, Al Gore analyzes three main causes of climate change, such as the growth of population, the rise of technology, and people’s way of thinking. With the growth of population, demand for resources (food, water, energy) increases and causes the decrease of supply of the se sources. New technology presents the humanity with new power (for example, nuclear warfare) and the consequences of its use are not usually taken into account. The final factor discussed by Gore in his speech is people’s way of thinking and their attitude toward the problem. More specifically, the author claims that people tend to think of climate change as of a slow process (even though its pace is rather high) and underestimate it consequences.

Patience is a virtue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Patience is a virtue - Essay Example In some cases, people might think that such people are a burden to the rest of the group. However, when given time to cope and learn, they become an integral part of the group. As a result, the statement can be applied in this case to enlighten the other members that it’s important to be patient in order to accommodate others. Many people are quick to make conclusions (MacIntyre 2013). As a result, they miss the main point which and are likely to make mistakes. However, if they took more time to meditate and listen to others, they could have been able to make the right decision. The statements can be used to inform such people on the need to uphold patience in order to avoid such incidences. Many of the organizations fail to achieve their objectives because the managers want to make quick profits. However, an organization needs to familiarize itself with the customers. This takes time and resources. These statements can be applied in this to inform the managers on the need to be patient in order to achieve long-term

Stress Disorders Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stress Disorders - Assignment Example Since then, he is having nightmares about that incident. I have spent quite a lot of time with him and have known him since childhood. He used to be a very present minded person, and was quite optimistic in his approach in every matter. But now, that he is back from Iraq, I see him as a completely changed person. Quite often, he gets lost and mentally disconnects himself from the company while physically being there. He remains pre-occupied with premonition of the incident in which his siblings got shot. He is obsessed with the dreadful memories and can not help thinking about them. The incident has altogether sapped his optimism. Instead, he has gone on the opposite pole of the scale. He avoids driving, though he is one of the finest drivers I have ever known. Despite knowing how to drive, he has kept a driver, and deems himself unfit for driving. The incident has shattered his personality altogether, and he may take years to compose himself.

Management Practice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Practice - Coursework Example Gaurav Agrawal is having a master's degree in Microbiology and also he is Master of Business Administration (MBA) in Operation Management. General Manager joined this company when the economic condition of the company was not good. And the business is limited to United States only. Soon after joining General Manager called a meeting of its staff members and asked them to participate in suggestion schemes. These suggestion schemes are open to each & every employee of the organization. In the suggestion scheme, employees are invited to give their suggestion for improving the working condition of the organization. The employee who has given the best suggestion was rewarded by General Manager. These suggestion schemes are very helpful in improving the working environment of the organization. With the improvement with the suggestion scheme General Manager got the confidence of the staff members. Implementation of suggestion also helped in motivation of the employee in the organization. As the employees get motivated there is a sudden increase in the production yield. Also due to the motivation, all the production processes are completed in time. General Manager shares all the information to his staff members and also involves them in making a decision on a particul ar Project. If we see our future as a General Manager of the same organization then we need to understand & learn about the management skills from the existing General Manager. We need to know the "How General Manager is able to manage different kinds of situations". These all information can be found by discussing the different situations at different time interval with General Manager. Interview is the most common method for getting the information about a general manager. Interviewing General Manager: While interviewing General Manager it is necessary to draft the questionnaire before interview. The questionnaire helps you to ask the relevant question only. It helps in asking all the questions, so that no question will be left. The question should be prepared in such way, so that more & important information can be gathered. In the above case our objective is to get the following information related to General Manager: Personality and the manager's core values. Philosophy about work and management Leadership and mentoring of people Organizational Goals and objectives Social responsibility and company culture Discrimination, Sexual Harassment and Diversity IT, Internet, and Globalization. 1) Questions Related to Manager's Personality and Core Value: ME: Sir, Please let me know about your background. What did you do before Erth Ophthalmic Inc. GM: I have been at Erth Ophthalmic Inc. from last 14 years. Before this I was the Assistant General Manager for Sema Technology Inc. in New York. I was responsible for expanding its business in other countries, looking after working environment of the company, sales, marketing and services. Prior to that I was the Quality Manager for Sai Visison Care Inc. and looked after all the quality issues and customer satisfaction. ME: Sir, Please let me know about main vision associated with the organization. GM: The Company needs to focus on their employee satisfaction and the customer satisfaction. These are two major areas which are of major concern in an organization. Employee's satisfaction increases productivity and therefore makes a direct impact on customer satisfac

Competetive Strategy - Hansen Natural Corporation Essay

Competetive Strategy - Hansen Natural Corporation - Essay Example An US firm Hansen Natural Corporation which markets soft drinks and beverages is considered for the purpose of our analysis. Soft drinks market is a highly competitive market in US and there are numerous small and large competitors already present in this industry. Policies are also suggested which will be useful for the company in the value creation over the next four years. One of the most critical issues regarding a business is the identification and development of a sustainable competitive advantage. It is much more critical when the business in concern is a small and emerging business where the market is already infested with numerous existent competitors. It has been found that many small businesses have often failed to develop competitive advantage over their competitors in the market. The entrepreneur of the business has to take steps in order to gain competitive advantage in their business. It is noteworthy to mention that the business community never welcomes new entreprene urs with open arms rather prevent the new entries from appropriating the market share from them. Thus development of competitive advantage is critical for a firm right from the entry stage to the end of the life of the business (Bressler, n.d., p.192) . Areas where the firms need to intervene in order to develop competitive advantage Small businesses are unable to compete with the large firms in terms of price as the price mechanism behavior remains in their hand due to market reputation as well as historical sales background. A typical behavior of a small firm can be given by an example in this case. Suppose a restaurant is opening and when asked its entrepreneur about the prospective a common answer is that, â€Å"we will offer good food at good prices† (Bressler,n.d.,p.193). Marketing mix elements can be viewed to deliver competitive advantage to the businesses. The elements of the marketing mix include product, price, place, and promotion. The companies have to concentrat e on these variables in order to gain competitive advantage. Cost also plays an important role in the competitive advantage paradigm (Rothaermel, n.d., p. 201). Big companies can negotiate lower costs and have advantages over the smaller companies. However there are possibilities of lowering the costs with the help of less capital equipment, location, overhead, lower distribution cost, lower labor cost, and lower investment cost. Before explaining them in brief with economic theories first of all we will discuss the characteristics of the market of soft drinks in US and its relevance with the Hans Natural Corporation. Characteristics of the soft drinks market in US In the present situation the soft drink industry is highly competitive for all the corporations involved in this business (Davies, n.d.). The soft drinks industry faces pressure from rival seller, new entrants to the industry, substitute goods, suppliers, and buyers. In the US soft drinks industry Coca-Cola, Pepsi Co and Cadbury Schweppes are the largest competitors. In 2004, Coca Cola’s working capital was around $1.1 billion and Pepsico’s total sales were $18.4 billion. Many small companies are also there like Facedrink, Arcadia Brewing Co, Banko Beverage Company, Carolina Canners Inc etc.( Beverage Companies, n.d.). The market is almost saturated and the growth is small. It is pretty difficult prospect for the new entrants in the industry. Another significant barrier

Scheme of Instruction, Examination and Syllabus Essay Example for Free

Scheme of Instruction, Examination and Syllabus Essay NOTE: EHM indicates that the course is drafted by the Department of Humanities. EME indicates that the course is drafted by the Department of Mechanical Engineering. ECE indicates that the course is drafted by the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering. EEE indicates that the courses is drafted by Department of Electrical Engineering. EEM indicates that the courses is drafted by Engineering Mathematics Department. EEP indicates that the course is drafted by Engineering Physics Department ECE 320 Soft Skills is common for all Branches ENG 1001 ENGLISH – I Credits 2 Periods Theory Tutorial / Lab 2 1 Exam Hrs. 3 Sessional Marks 30 Exam Marks 70 Total Marks 100 The emphasis on English Language is enormously increasing as an effective medium of communication in all sectors the World over. As a consequence of this, the acquisition of effective communication skills in English has become most important to the students to flourish in their careers. In this connection there is a need to train the students to equip themselves with the necessary skills required for effective communication in English thereby enabling them to get a good placement immediately after the completion of their under-graduate courses. To meet the objectives of developing proficiency in English communication the following curriculum is designed for favorable consideration. CURRICULUM: THEORY AND PRACTICE (LANGUAGE LAB) 1. A textbook with focus on skills approach. Intended to develop the language skills of Listening, Speaking, Reading Writing. 2. Vocabulary a) One – Word Substitution b) Words often Confused – Pairs of Words c) Synonyms and Antonyms d) Foreign Phrases e) Phrasal verbs derived from the following dynamic verbs Go, Get, Run, Take, Look, Hold, Put, Stand, Etc. f) Idioms and Phrases 3. Grammar a) Error Analysis b) Tense c) Voice d) Concord e) Articles and Prepositions 4. Writing Skills a) Prà ©cis Writing b) Note Making c) Letter Writing – (Letters of Enquiry, Invitation, Regret, Congratulations, Condolences, Complaint, Breaking the ice.) d) Reading Comprehension e) Content Writing : Paragraph Writing and Essay Writing Practice (Language Lab) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Spoken English : Varieties Speech Mechanism The consonant and vowel sounds of English Word Accent Accent in Connected Speech Rhythm and Intonation conversation Textbook Prescribed: Select essays and short stories from Srivastava, B., and Mahesari, V.K. (Ed.) Modes of English Prose (An Anthology of prose selections). Reference Books: 1. Sharma, G.V.L.N., English for Engineering Students. 2. Margaret M Maison, Examine your English, Macmillan 3. Krishnaswami, N. and Sriram, T., Current English for Colleges, Macmillan 4. Krishnaswami, N. and Sriram T., Creative English for Communication, Macmillan. ENG 1002 MATHEMATICS – I Credits 4 Periods Theory Tutorial / Lab 3 Exam Hrs. 3 Sessional Marks 30 Exam Marks 70 Total Marks 100 Partial Differentiation and its Applications Functions of two or more variables, partial derivatives, homogenous functions – Eular’s Theorem, Total Derivative, Differentiation of implicit functions, Geometrical interpretation – Tangent plane and normal to a surface. Change of variables, Jacobians, Taylor’s theorem for functions of two variables, Jacobians, Taylor’s theorem for functions of two variables, Errors and approximations, Total differential, Maxima and minima of functions two variables, Lagrange’s method of undetermined multiples, Differentiation under the integral sign – Leibnitz Rule, Involutes and evolutes. Multiple Integrals and their Applications Double integrals, Change of order of integration, Double integrals in polar coordinates, Areas enclosed by plane curves, Triple integrals, Volume of solids, Change of variables, Area of a curve of a curved surface, Calculation of mass, center of gravity, center pressure, Moment o f inertia, Product of inertia, Principle axes, Beta function, Gamma function, Relation between Beta and Gamma functions, Error function or probability integral. Solid Geometry (Vector Treatment) Equation of a plane, Equation of straight line, Condition for a line to lie in a plane, Coplanar lines, Shortest distance between two lines, Interaction of three planes, Equation of sphere, Tangent plane to a sphere, Cone, Cylinder, Quadric surfaces. Infinite Series Definitions, Convergence, Divergence and oscillation of a series, General properties, Series of positive terms, comparison tests, Integral test, D’Alembert’s ratio test, Raabe’s test, Logarithmic test, Cauchy’s root test, Alternating series – Leibnitz’s rule, Series of positive or negative terms, Power series, Convergence of exponential, Logerithmic and bionomial series, Uniform convergence, Weirstrass M-test, Properties of uniformly convergent series. Fourier Series Eular’s formulae, Conditions for a Fourier expansion, Functions having point of discontinuity, Change of interval, Odd and even functions – Expansions of odd or even periodic function, Half range series, Parseval formula, Practical harmonic analysis. Textbooks: Higher Engineering mathematics by B.S. Grewal Mathematics for Engineering by Chandrica Prasad Reference Books: Higher Engineering Mathematics by M.K. Venkatraman Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyzig Textbooks: Theory of Matrices by Shantinarayanan Higher Engineering Mathematics by B.S. Grewal Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Students, Manieavachgon Pillay, Ramanaiah Reference Books: Higher Engineering Mathematics by M.K. Venkataraman Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyozig Engineering Mathematics by P.P. Gupta A textbook on Engineering Mathematics by N.P. Bali ENG 1004 PHYSICS THEORY Credits 4 Thermodynamics Heat and work, First law of thermodynamics and applications, Reversible and irreversible process, Carnot cycle and efficiency, Entropy, Second law of thermodynamics, Entropy and disorder, Entropy and Probability, Third law of thermodynamics, Thermography and its applications. Electromagnetism Concept of electric field – Point charge in electric field, Dipole in an electric field, Gauss law, Some applications, Electric potential and field strength, Potential due to a point charge and dipole. Magnetic field – Magnetic force on current, Torque on current loop, Hall effect, Ampere’s law, B near a long wire, B for a solenoid and toroid, The Biot-Savart’s law, B for a circular current loop. Faraday’s law of induction, Lenz’s law, Calculation of inductance, L-R circuit, Energy stored in magnetic field, Induced magnetic fields, Displacement current, Energy density in electric and magnetic fields, Poyn ting vector S. Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves (both differential and integral forms), Magnetic properties of materials, Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Ferrite and its applications. Optics Interference – Principles and superposition – Young’s experiment – Coherence – Interference of thin films, Wedge shaped film, Newton’s rings, Michelson interferometer and its applications. Diffraction – Single slit (Qualitative and quantitative treatment). Polarisation – Polarisation by reflection, Refraction and double refraction in uniaxial crystals, Nicol prism, Quarter and half wave plate, circular and elliptical polarization and detection. Lasers and Fibre Optics Spontaneous and stimulated emissions, population inversions, Ruby laser, Gas laser, Semiconductor laser, Applications of lasers. Fibre optics, Optical fibre and total internal reflection, Acceptance angle and cone of a fibre, Fibre optics in communications, Optical parts in fibre, Fibre optic sensors. Periods Tutorial / Lab Exam Hrs. 3 Sessional Marks 30 Exam Marks 70 Total Marks 100 Theory 3 Ultrasonics Production of ultrasonics by magnetostriction and piezoelectric effects – Ultrasonics and diffraction pattern, Applications of Ultrasonics. Modern Physics The quantization of energy, Photoelectric effect, De Broglie concept of matter waves, uncertainty principle, Schrodinger wave equation, application to a particle in a box. Elementary concepts of Maxwell-Boltzman, Bose-Einstein’s and Fermi dirac statics, Fermi dirac distribution function (no derivations), Free electron theory of metals, Band theory of solids, Kronig penny model, Metals, Insulators and Semiconductors, Ferroelectrics and their applications. Super conductivity, Meisner effect, Types of superconductors and applications of superconductors. Nanophase materials – Synthesis, Characterization of nanostructured materials, properties and applications. Renewable Energies – Solar, Wind and tidal – Applications. Books Recommended: 1. Engineering Physics by R.K. Gaur and S.D. Gupta 2. Physics by David Halliday and Robert Resnick – Part I and Part II 3. Modern Engineering Physics by A.S. Vadudeva 4. University Physics by Young and Freedman 5. Materials Science by V. Rajendra and A. Marikani 6. Nonconventional Energy by Ashoke V. Desai

English Constitution Essay Example for Free

English Constitution Essay The role of the courts and government in judicial review is to ensure that Public authorities act lawfully; all such authorities are subject to the rule of law and are not permitted to act ‘ultra vires’ (beyond their powers). The power that government has comes from powers granted to that authority by statute or delegated legislation. The Human Rights Act 1988 (HRA) created an additional ground s6(1) making it unlawful for public bodies to act in Ð ° way that is incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. (ECHR)Since the seventeenth century, in the Case of Monopolies 1602 77 ER 1260 the courts have claimed the authority to inquire into the extent and limits of the Crown’s common law prerogative powers. Since 1700, the role of the courts in reviewing administrative and judicial decisions has been explained on the basis of the rule of law whereby any Act or decision was invalid because it was in breach of or unauthorised by the law, or was beyond the scope of the power given to the decision maker by the law (Sunstein, 2001). Limitations of Judicial Review Judicial review is limited to the examination of executive decision and decision made by government authorities; it is Ð ° constitutional function of the High Court to ensure that public bodies and government do not act unlawfully. It acts not in order to give effect to any private rights of the individual who made the application but in order to fulfil the role. It is the examination of Ð ° legal decision by Ð ° public body and it is not an appeal whereby Ð ° decision maybe substituted but Ð ° review of that decision only. Judicial review is only concerned with the lawfulness and not with the merits of Ð ° decision. Attorney General v Fulham Corporation, ex relatione Yapp [1921] whereby the High Court granted Ð ° declaration that the council had acted unlawfully and Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 14 CB NS 180 that the council had acted unfairly and had failed to exercise their statutory power lawfully. The Primary Purpose of Judicial Review The primary purpose of judicial review was summarised by Lord Lindley MR in Roberts v Gwyrfai District Council [1899] 2 CH 608, 614: â€Å" I know of no duty of the Court which is more important to observe, and no power of the Court which is more important to enforce, than its power of keeping public bodies within their rights. The instant public and government bodies go beyond their constitutional rights they act so to damage and domination of private persons, and those individuals are allowed to be protected from harm arising from such operations of public bodies† (Sunstein, 2001 p47) In the case of Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 (GCHQ Case), Lord Diplock observed that: â€Å"The theme of every judicial review is Ð ° judgment made by some person or government body whom I shall name the ‘decision mÐ °ker’ or else Ð ° refusÐ °l by him to mÐ °ke Ð ° decision† In latest years judicial review has extended to private bodies which can be said to exercise Ð ° public function, R v City Panel of Takeover and Mergers, ex parte Datafin Ltd [1987] 2 QB 815Lord Diplock stated in the GCHQ case, that three actions that give grounds for Judicial review are illegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety (Merrill, 2001). Illegality, for example Ð ° government body misinterpreting legislation Anismimic Ltd V Foreign Compensation [1969] 2 AC 147, or acting ultra vires (acting beyond its prescribed power) AG v Fulham Corporation case, or making Ð ° judicial error of fact R v Secretary of State for Home Department, ex parte Khawaja [1984] AC 74, or unlawfully delegating power or fettering discretion Port of London Authority, ex parte Kynoch Ltd [1919] 1 KB 176 or where power is exercised by someone who does not meet the qualifications laid down in the granting of power, the act must be considered illegal, Entick v Carrington (1765) 19 ST Tr 1030 and Allingham v The Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries [1948] 1 All ER 780. In Vine v The National Dock Labour Board [1957] AC 488 Lord Somervell of Harrow said that in deciding whether there is such Ð ° power, two factors have to be considered â€Å"the nature of power and the character of the person†Irrationality, the decision of Ð ° public body is irrational if it is ‘so unreasonable that no reasonable body could have come to the decision† Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223 or ‘so outrageous in its defiance of logic or accepted moral standards that no sensible person who applied his mind to the question could have arrived at the decision’ Lord Diplock GCHQ case, Unreasonableness includes acting for improper motives, failing to take account of relevant considerations, failing to respect the requirements of natural justice and fettering discretion by adopting Ð ° rigid policy. With irrationality the courts have moved on from reviewing the procedures by which Ð ° decision has been made and testing its legality to substituting the courts own view on the merits of the decisionThe standard of reasonableness imposed by the courts is high. If the standard were too low it would mean that judicial discretion was being substituted for administrative discretion (Merrill, 2001). However, the protection of human rights has allowed the courts to use jurisdiction to employ Ð ° stricter test than in other Wednesbury cases, R v Lord Saville of Newdigate ex parte Brind (no 2) [1991] 1 All ER 720 (Merrill, 2001).

Bipolar Disorder: Roles of neurotransmitters and signal transduction

Bipolar Disorder: Roles of neurotransmitters and signal transduction This systematic review provides a critical insight into the biochemical aetiology of bipolar disorder. It presents an overview of the findings collected from various researches which investigate the abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems and signal transduction system. The results confirm hypothesises established in earlier theories of the causes of Bipolar disorder form pharmacological investigations. However these results are correlation, culmination of these variables and others such as environmental and genetics may influence the development of bipolar disorder. Aims, Evaluation, implications and limitations of these studies are included in this review. Bipolar disorder also known as manic depressive disorder can have a negative effect on an individuals mood, relationships, and everyday life. This disorder can affect the cognitive functions and is known to impair cognitive areas such as attention, executive functions, learning, memory and psychomotor speed. Bipolar usually develops in late teens or early adulthood but can sometimes develop early on in childhood. Symptoms usually build up later on in life. The disorder can lead to poor school performance, damaged social lives and jobs. . It affects both sexes equally in all age groups and approximately 3-5% of the general population are affected (Baldessanni, 2002). Bipolar disorder is the most rigorous forms of all mental illness and is characterized by swinging moods .The clinical course of illness can vary from a mild depression to a rigorous form of mania. The condition has a high rate of recurrence and can lead to suicide if left untreated (15% of patients) this is most likely t o occur during a depressive state. Bipolar disorder is a severely debilitating brain affective disorder which has had very little extensive research conducted on; in particular the biochemistry component of the disorder has had relatively few research studies compared to genetics. Due to its high rate of suicide and reoccurrence rate it is essential to develop effective treatment to prevent the two main problems of bipolar disorder (Shastry, Burker S, 2005). The manifestations of the symptoms are often mistaken for unipolar depression (31%) and therefore misdiagnosis of bipolar often occurs (Berk et al, 2006). Research into the neuropathological aspect paves the way for more future developments in viable treatments, which should be more tolerable for patients for this affective mood disorder, this could include improving existing drug treatments. Although Bipolar is one of the oldest known mental illness it was never classified; the symptoms were described and examined throughout history and sometimes the etiologies which were established were imprudent. Mania was seen as occurring from an excess of yellow bile, or a mixture of black and yellow bile. The theory of a link between mania and depression goes back to the 2nd century AD. Soranus of Ephedrus (98-177 AD) described mania and depression as diseases with different etiologies; however, he acknowledged that many others consider melancholia a form of the disease of mania. Depression was formally known as melancholia. In 1650, a scientist named Richard Burton determined the characteristics of depression in The Anatomy of Melancholia. His findings are still used today in the mental health field, and he is established as being the father of the study of depression.Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926), a German psychiatrist first termed the disease as manic depressive psychosis. He stud ied the disorder in untreated patients. In 1948, Dr. Cade a psychiatrist found out that Lithium Carbonate could be used as a successful treatment of manic depressive disorder. This was the first time a drug had been discovered that proved to be a successful treatment of this condition. The current term bipolar disorder replaced manic depressive disorder in 1980, and featured as diagnostic term in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-III).Most diagnosis of bipolar disorder are based on DSM IV (2000). Due to the complexity of brain function, the aetiology and pathophysiology of the disorder is not very well understood .The debate as to whether it is genetic factors or neurobiological factors which contribute to bipolar disorder is ongoing. Genetics have been known to play a major role in aetiology of bipolar disorder from early on, however many theories suggest neurotransmitter dysfunctions in depression, and therefore maybe the best explanation to finding the cause of Bipolar disorder would be to investigate a chemical basis of the disorder, as this review will examine. The pathophsysiolgy has recently been overtaking research on genetics of bipolar disorder. It would be essential to study the same neurotransmitters which have implicated in cause of depression and the areas affected by medications which alleviate symptoms of manic-depression (Ackenheil, 2001). Theories about neurotransmitter abnormalities in bipolar disorder have been created by experiments which have been created by experiments studying the effects of pharmacological treatments. Lithium was first used 40 years ago to treat bipolar disorder, studies on the effects of lithium, its target and mechanism of action on bipolar patients have indicated mostly monoamine neurotransmitter abnormalities are involved behind bipolar disorder however even though large amounts of research on neurotransmitter abnormalities have been conducted the aetiology of bipolar is far from completely understood. Many patient are unaffected by lithium, this shows that bipolar disorder may have more than one cause maybe this accounts for the various symptoms involved in this disorder. Many models focus on one neurotransmitter or neurotransmitter system as the case of bipolar disorder however these models cannot be sufficient enough to explain the array of symptoms. A valid general theory has to consider opposite effects of activity of neurons leading to the cycle of mood states, this could be a system involving the releases of transmitters, abnormality in cerebral activities or a regulatory protein involved in the interaction of various systems on levels of signal transduction. The debate above provides the basis for this review. To understand the neurochemistry of bipolar disorder the molecular and cellular systems have to be determined. This literature review is organized around the signal transduction pathways and central neurotransmitter systems and convergence of these areas to provide an insight into the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Neurotransmitters involved in this review are serotonin, dopamine and noradrenalin. The neuroamine exert their action through postsynaptic receptors which are coupled to Guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins). This is the main part of the intracellular signalling mentioned in this review. Other systems which have also been studied are sodium and calcium transport, disturbances in these systems have been implicated in the physiology of bipolar disorder, although this topic is beyond the scope of this review and there is relatively little research compared to G coupled proteins and cyclic AMP system, Given this, and the authors own personal interests, it was decided to focus on G coupled proteins and cyclic AMP system and the other main pathway phosphoinositide. 3. Aims This literature review aims to provide a critical evaluation of the research investigating the structures and circuits involved in the aetiology of bipolar affective disorder. Initially neurotransmitters and signal transduction will be examined and outlined by introducing the most popular and widely-used theories associated with the development of bipolar disorder and explain by what is meant by bipolar. Following this a search protocol is included: an explanation of how the reviewed articles were sourced and analysed. After which will follow a comprehensive review of the studies found in the search about how each neurotransmitter and signal transduction affect bipolar disorder. Also the disagreements and contradictions in the literature will be discussed. The implications and limitations of these findings of the studies found will then be considered and topics for future research presented. 4. Bipolar Affective Disorder 4.1. Diagnostic Criteria There are two types of bipolar disorder; Bipolar I and Bipolar II. Bipolar II consist of symptoms which are not as severe or prolonged as Bipolar I. The criteria for bipolar disorder is complex and is separated into six criteria sets theses are: single manic episode, most recent episode hypomania, most recent episode depressed, most recent episode mixed, most recent episode depressed and most recent episode unspecified. The table below summarizes the main DSM-IV classification (4th edition) criteria for the diagnosis of bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Table 1 DSM-IV category Criteria Bipolar I Presence of one or more manic or mixed episodes, current or most recent episode: accompanied by one or more depressive episodes .Severe: with psychotic features In partial or full remission: With catatonic features With postpartum onset Current or most recent major depressive episode: significant distress occurs. Depressive state occurs more frequently then mania. Bipolar II No history of manic episode, not as severe as Bipolar I. Characterised by at least one hypomanic episode and depressive episode 4.2. Major depression Depression can distort an individuals way of thinking about themselves, their lives and of other people around them. Individuals who are diagnosed with depression tend to have higher negative views and fail to see the positive in any situation. Depression can also occur as anger. If episodes of low or depressed mood and a decrease in energy, activity, interest, or pleasure occur for two weeks the individual is diagnosed as major depressive ( DSM IV, 2000) 4.3. Mania Mania is the abnormal elevation of emotions, usually occurrence of irritable mood, inflated self esteem and may feature delusions or hallucinations (psychotic symptoms) when symptoms are less severe the patient is experiencing a hypomania episode. Mania can manifest itself in many forms. The DSM-IV splits the severity of mania symptoms into further subgroup for accurate diagnosis: Mild: symptoms barely meet criteria for an episode of mania. Moderate: There is a high increase in either activity level or impaired judgment. Severe without psychotic features: The patient requires continuous supervision to prevent physical harm to self or to others. Severe with psychotic features: The patient has delusions or hallucinations which may be mood-congruent or mood-incongruent. The table below summarises the symptoms of mania and depression Table 2 Mania Depression Need for sleep is decreased Increased talkativeness, pressure to keep talking, hyperactiveness Flight of ideas may be erratic- raving thoughts Incomprehensible speech Excess involvement in pleasurable activities e.g. impulsive sex- potential for painful consequence Having unrealistic beliefs in abilities Increasingly involved in goal relative activities, starting new projects Feeling constantly tired Having problems concentrating, remembering, and making decisions Lack of pleasure in activities Negative thoughts Being restless or irritable Changing eating, sleeping, or other habits (excess sleep usually occurs) Contemplating death or suicide, or attempting suicide. An individual with hypomanic episodes may have increased energy although the symptoms are not as severe as typical mania, the symptoms may come in episodes that last less than a week, do not require hospitalisation and will not be classified as full blown bipolar disorder I. A person having a hypo manic episode may feel they are on a high, be extremely productive, and function well. The individual may not perceive their behaviour as abnormal although these mood swings may be apparent to friends and family members. Without treatment, however, individuals with hypomania may develop severe mania or depression. 4.4. Definition issues Very few patients with bipolar alternate between episodes with pure mania or pure depression, many however have a variety of patterns and are regularly in a mixed state and rapid cycling between mania and depression occurs. Some experience months of depression followed by months of mania, some can swing states in a matter of hours (Berk et al 2005) this is usually defined as bipolar spectrum and can complicate diagnosis. There are unclear boundaries which can limit the selection of appropriate treatment. Accurate diagnosis on basis of clinical interviews may not be possible as many patients at the time of interview are in one phase. The psychotic symptoms reflect the persons extreme mood. For example, if a person is having a manic episode he/she may experience psychotic symptoms such as believing he or she is famous, has a lot of money, or has special powers which may make them invincible , this can be quite dangerous and can lead to death( Bauer, Michael et al, 2002). On the other h and, a person experiencing a depressive episode may believe he or she is ruined and penniless, or has committed a crime which in turn can lead to suicide. Due to these psychotic symptoms in individuals with bipolar disorder are sometimes wrongly diagnosed as having schizophrenia, another severe mental illness that is associated with hallucinations and delusions. People with bipolar disorder may also have other behavioural problems. Many turn to alcohol or substances, others tend to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or post traumatic stress disorder (Strakowski S.M. et al, 1998) so initially its not easy to recognize these problems as signs of a major mental illness. Individuals with Bipolar disorder sometimes go through states where they exhibit minimal symptoms however they still have the vulnerability for mood deregulation, this state is called euthymia (Strakowski et al.2004). There are no separate criteria for diagnosis of children although it has been stated that bipolar disorder in children is slightly different from bipolar in adults. 4.5. Treatment The treatment for Bipolar I Disorder is usually lifelong therapy with a mood-stabilizer this can be Lithium, Carbamazepine, or Divalproex / Valproic acid often in combination with an antipsychotic medication. Many of these medications are anticonvulsants except for lithium. Anticonvulsants medications help control moods although are usually used to control seizures. An antipsychotic medication and/or a benzodiazepine medication are often added to the mood-stabilizer in mania. In depression, Quetiapine, Olanzapine, or Lamotrigine is frequently taken with the mood-stabilizer. Alternations occur between medications, in depression, the mood-stabilizer is sometimes substituted for another mood-stabilizer, or in some cases two mood-stabilizers can be used together. Occasionally, antidepressant medication is used in depression. However as antidepressant medication can trigger mania, antidepressant medication is always taken in combination with a mood-stabilizer or antipsychotic medication t o prevent mania (Ackenheil, 2001). Research has shown that the most effective treatment for bipolar disorder is a combination of supportive psychotherapy, and the use of a mood-stabilizer and antipsychotic medication (Miklowitz D.J. 2006) 5. Monoaminergic Neurotransmitter systems 5.1. Serotonergic system Serotonin pathways originate in the raphe nuclei and project throughout the cerebral cortex. Serotonin is known to interact with the other neurotransmitters, it modulates different neuronal activities, Serotonin triggers sleep wake cycles, mood and emotional behaviour; deficiency can lead to migraines (Birkmeyer, W. and P. Riederer, 1989) this neurotransmitter increases the threshold for pain, reduces arousal functions, hyperactivity results in improved appetite, weight increase, an increased urge to sleep, lowered consciousness, slower thought processes, and lack of drive, most of which have been shown to be symptoms of depression in bipolar disorder. Serotonergic cell bodies originate mainly in the upper Pons and the midbrain-specifically, the median and Dorsal raphe nuclei, the Candal locus ceruleus, the Postrema area, and the inter peduncular area. These neurons project to the basal ganglia, the limbic system, and the cerebral cortex. (Kaplan et al. 1994). 5.2. Noradrenergic system The Noradrenalin (NA) system originates in the locus coeruleus, lateral tegmental area in the brain stem and projects diffusely through axonal pathways to the cortex, amygdale and hippocampus, in the CNS it is involved in a wide range of neurological and psychological functions, which include cognition, attention, emotion, and memory formation (Robbins and Everitt 1995, Moore and Card 1984). Activation of NA neurons increases cellular responsiveness to sensory information as inhibition of the background activity of the target neurons occurs and also increases the selectivity of the responses to relevant stimuli (Foote et al 1983). NA is also involved in the fight or flight reaction. NA changes the efficiency of the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in particular neurons although it is dependent on the subtypes of adrenergic receptor (AR) and secondary messengers (Dohlman Et al 1991). 5.3 Dopamingenic system There are eight major dopaminergic pathways in the brain. The three main pathways originate from the midbrain, they are as follow: Mesolimbic pathway-consists of a bundle of dopaminergic fibres which are associated with the reward circuit. This pathway develops from the ventral tegmental area and innervates various formations of the limbic system, which include the nucleus accumbens. The mesolimbic pathway is involved in memory and is important for motivating behaviours. Mesocortical pathway also originates in the ventral tegmental area, although also projects to the frontal cortex and surrounding areas. Dysfunction in this pathway might be the cause of some of the symptoms such as hallucinations and disordered thinking in bipolar disorder. Medications used to reduce psychotic delirium block this pathway, and also reduce the overall activity of the frontal lobes. Tuberoinfundibular pathway- is located in the hypothalamus and releases dopamine into the portal vessels thus regulating the functioning of the pituitary. These distributed pathways are responsible for behavioural areas such as impulsivity and attention, reward seeking, emotional processing, working memory, and other executive functions. The actions of the neurotransmitter dopamine are usually connected through G-protein-coupled receptor slow transmission, which in turn modulates fast neurotransmission in glutaminergic and GABA- ergic neurones. There are two types of dopamine receptors D1-type and D2-type. D1-type receptors (D1 and D5) are mostly coupled to Gas and then stimulate the production of the second messenger cyclic-AMP (cAMP), whereas D2-type receptors (D2, D3, and D4 included) are coupled to Gai à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ o and decrease the production of cAMP and related downstream pathway. The various types of dopamine receptors are diffused throughout different areas of the brain (Greengard P. 2001) 6. Signalling transduction 6.1. G- Coupled proteins and Cyclic AMP system G-proteins are an important component of the intracellular signalling pathway; they interlink receptors in the membrane to the different intracellular effecter molecules which in turn produces responses. G-proteins are made up of 3 sub units: an a subunit which binds and hydrolyzes guanosine triphosphate (GTP) these can be further divided into subunits of Gas, Ga, Gaq, Gao and b and g subunits which are firmly bound to one another. Various combinations of protein structures can be established out of these subunits thus creating a number of receptors for different or similar signal transduction systems. Small changes in the subunits of the G proteins can highly alter the order of events in signalling from receptors to the intracellular targets (Birnbaumer L, 1992, Spiegel et al., 1992) These G-protein coupled receptors stimulate or inhibit mainly two second messenger systems: cAMP and Phosphoinositol After receptor activation, G-proteins connect to various effectors (enzymes). This pathway involves coupling of G protein (inhibitory or stimulatory) sub units to enzymes for example adenyl cyclase (AC). Different forms of the enzyme AC catalyze to produce cAMP this is via adenosine triphosphate (ATP).cAMP controls cellular functions such as metabolism and gene transcription.As cAMP degrades quite quickly in the brain by phosphodiesterase binding of cAMP to another enzyme cAMP-dependent protein kinase (as protein kinase A) is used as an indirect measurement of cAMP. This enzyme is critical for connecting any short term changes in neurotransmitter signalling to long term neurobiological changes (Beavo J.A, 1974, Scott JD, 1991). 6.2. Phosphoinositide (PI) Pathway Another signalling path way involved in the coupling of neurotransmitter receptors is phosphoinositide , this pathway involves the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase (PLC) enzyme, and the G-protein subtypes Gq/G11, (Perez et al ,2000) Hydrolization of inositol-containing phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to two important second messengers: 1, 2-diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) is induced by the activation of the receptors which stimulate PLC (Smrcka et al 1991). Inositol monophosphate (IP) is made by conversion of IP3. IP is then again converted into inositol which is then available for resynthesis of PI. Lithium decreases the level of inositol in the brain, it blocks the conversion of IP to inositol by interfering with inositol monophosphate phosphatise conversion of IP to inositol. 7. Theories There have been a number of theories of depression and mania separately. The main neurotransmitter system implicated in the development of bipolar disorder is the serotonin system and is still the most widely studied system; however there is evidence suggesting that other neurotransmitter systems also play important roles (Barros et al. 2002). The biogenic amine theory of depression (Bunney and Davis 1965; Schildkraut 1965) is based upon a link between pharmacological alterations (medications taken by Bipolar patients) of monoamines and modulation of affective disorders. Decreasing amine neurotransmitters (noradrenalin (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the synaptic clefts) leads to an increased incidence of bipolar affective disorder. Another theory suggests that antidepressants alter the concentration of neurotrophic factors which are essential for neuronal survival (Duman et al, 1997; Duman, 2002). Although recently it has been suggested that instead of being a simple case of depletion in some crucial cerebral transmitter; concentrations depression may be the result of a disturbed balance between various regulatory systems, which may lead to transmitter over activity in some brain regions (Syvà ¤lahti 1994). Another hypothesis by Harro Oreland (1996) the neurobiological aetiology of depression may lie in the alteration of the noradrenergic innervations from the locus coeruleus, which, in turn, may lead to dysfunction of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. Theories associated with the Multicomponent, cellular signalling pathways suggest that the interaction at various levels is important, which form complex signaling networks essentially allowing the cell to obtain, process, and respond to information (Bourne HR, Nicoll R,1993, Weng G et al, 1999). The cascades of signals are assisted by these networks in a matter of milliseconds, they are crucial for physiological processes as they can alter the strength and duration of outputs and feedback. Thus abnormalities in these pathways may have variety of affects in different neurological disorders (Bhalla U.S. 1999). Patients treated with antidepressants have increased activation of cAMP system in particular regions of the brain. This causes the high expression rate of the transcription factors that are involved in this system (cAMP response element binding protein- CREB) which leads to the increased expression of neutrophic factors in hippocampus and cerebral cortex neurons theses neurotrophic factors are essential for survival and functioning of certain neurons these studies have lead to the molecular and cellular theory of depression. 8.Method 8.1. Search protocol A breakdown of how the search was conducted is presented in Figure 1 below: Less detail Level of detail in search more detail Start Time of search finish Keywords Bp = Bipolar Disorder S= Serotonin D= Dopamine N= Neurotransmitter ST= Signal Transduction NA= neuroadrelaline GP= G proteins PI= Phosphoinositide cAMP= cAMP pathway 8.2. Selection method Articles were searched on several journal databases these included web of knowledge, Science Direct and Medline. Key words were chosen to assist with the search. Key words included: signal transduction, neurotransmitters, bipolar disorder, mania, serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin and depression. Articles were selected by at first by reading the abstract and deciding whether the article was directly answering or related to the review question. If this link was established, the article was considered as having passed the first stage of screening Once all databases had been searched for those articles that passed stage one screening, further analysis was carried out. Articles werent excluded on basis of country of origin or date of publishing. Many studies incorporated different factors for example 8.3. Articles excluded Certain articles which were found within the search protocol were not included in this literature review. There is a large amount of literature investigating the genetic links to neurotransmitter receptors and bipolar disorder that purely focused on this factor although articles that purely focused on this factor were not included in the review. 9. Findings Direct and indirect methods which have been used in the studies include: brain studies, CSF studies, platelet studies and psychopharmacological have all been included in this review as it is difficult, to measure the chemical and physiological activity within the brain in vivo. Peripheral lymphocytes share many common characteristics with neuronal cells thus considered suitable models for testing various hypothesises. Lymphocytes have various neurotransmitter receptors on their cell membrane 9.1.Neurotransmitter studies Noradrenergic system has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. In depressive states, noradrenergic system has under functioned these results from these studies are taken from indirect measurements of noradrenalin metabolism in body fluids. Measuring desmthylimipramine, the growth hormone secretion shows estimate activity of noradrenergic neurons in the brain (Laakmann et al 1990). Abnormalities in the level of noradrenalin in plasma of patients has been observed which support the hypothesis that this neurotransmitter is involved in the aetiology of bipolar disorder , in subjects with mania the concentrations of NA has been increased ( Manji, Lenox, 2000) also the metabolite of noradrenalin (-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol -MHPG) has been established to be higher concentration in the urinary and cerebrospinal fluid of mania state than in depressive state ( Goodwin et al, 1990, Bowden CC 1997, Schatzberg AF et al 1995, Manji et al 1997). These were all longitudinal studies and therefore had higher validity compared to studies only examining one state of mood in bipolar disorder. Higher values were also noted in unipolar depression compared to bipolar depression (Goodwin FR, Jamison KR 1990, Manji et al 2000). Lower noradrenalin output and altered sensitivity of a2 receptor activity have been discovered in depressive states this has been indicated by the lowered growth hormone response to clonindine leading to a decrease in noradrenalin activity compared to in maniac state where noradrenalin release is increased (Delgado, 2000; Manji Lenox, 2000). Increased levels of a2 receptors in the hypothalamus, amygdale, hippocampus and cerebellum have also been reported (Delgado 2000, Young et al 1994, Vawter M.P et al 2000,). Another group of studies on serotonin and serotonin metabolism have shown that a lower concentration of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was found in bipolar disorder patients, particularly in aggressive bipolar patients and those who have attempted or contemplated suicide but were raised in patients with mania (Manji Lenox, 2000, Traskman et al 1981, Swann et al 1983, Asberg et al, 1984). Smaller numbers of serotonin uptake sites were also found in post mortem brains of depressed individuals with bipolar disorder ( Leake et al, 1991) other drug studies on Tryptophan, an essential amino acid on which serotonin synthesis is dependent on have established that prescribing tryptophan to patients with depression may sometimes result in the reversal of the therapeutic effect of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor administration and depression may reoccur, this suggests that serotonin levels in brains of bipolar disorder patients may not be the only cause of this disorder. Extensive results from CSF experiments, serotonin receptor and re uptake site binding studies, pharmacologic studies have been achieved which support the theory that alterations of serotonergic neurotransmission in depressive states occur (Goodwin et al 1990, Maes et al 1995, Garlow et al 1999). In studies of CSF 5-HIAA in patients with bipolar disorder in mania episode has generally produced inconsistent and conflicting results (Goodwin 1990, Shiah et al 2000). Most studies found no difference in levels of CSF 5-HIAA levels between depressed state and manic state, two reported both manic and depressive states have lowered CSF 5-HIAA levels and one reported manic have significantly lowered levels of CSF 5-HIAA compared to control subjects. More research in this area needs to be conducted in order to achieve consistent results (Goodwin, 1990). Maes et al (1995) and Garlow et al (1999) researches found decreased concentration of radioligand binding to the serotonin transporter which is involved in taking up serotonin from the synaptic cleft. These results were found both in platelets and mid brain of depressed subjects. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies have also reported decreases in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5- HT)1A receptor binding potential in the raphe and hippocampus and amygdala of the brains of depressed patients, especially in patients with bipolar and in unipolar patients with history of bipolar in their family, indicating a genetic link ( Drevets, 1999) To produce a more direct measurement of serotonergic system function neurotransmitter depletion models are used in the case of bipolar disorder tryptophan depletion to lower serotonin levels is used. Serotonin synthesis is dependent on Tryptophan, an essential amino acid. Depletion of tryptophan is created by the Australia: Inflation, Balance of Payment and Monetary Policy Australia: Inflation, Balance of Payment and Monetary Policy What is the main measure of inflation movements in Australia and what does it represent? CPI refers to the Consumer Price Index and is used as the primary measure of inflation movements within Australia over time. CPI can be defined as a measure of how the prices of goods and services change over time. It is a measure of overall cost a typical consumer pays for the purchase of goods and services. A larger increase in CPI represents an inflationary trend in the economy and decrease in CPI shows deflationary situation. It also helps in comparing the inflation patterns with other countries of the world. CPI can be calculated using the following formula: Inflation refers to the persistent rise in the general price level in the economy. Rising inflation negatively affects the purchasing power of a typical consumer, therefore, a typical family has to spend more to maintain his existing standard of living. We can estimate the rate of inflation in the following way: Where: refers to Inflation rate in the current financial year. refers to CPI in the preceding financial year. refers to CPI in the current financial year. CPI is considered as a benchmark inflation guide for the Australian economy The balance of payment is a record of monetary transactions between Australia and the rest of the world- it is made up of two accounts. What are the names of the accounts and what do they measure? Balance of payment keeps track of inflow and outflow of money from the economy of a country. It consist of two main accounts:- Current Account Capital Account Current Account The current account measures trade flow in and out of the country. In other words, it represents country’s exports and imports. It consist of following three components. Trade in goods and services Net Foreign Income Current Tranfer/Foreign aid Trade in Goods and Services The most important component of the current accounts is the balance of trade showing the country’s imports and exports of goods and services. If exports are larger than imports, it is a balance of trade surplus and if exports are fewer than imports shows a balance of trade deficit. Net foreign Income If local companies or individuals of a country (let say Australia) purchase bonds and stocks in other countries, the money will come into the country in the form of interest and dividend payments and will add to the net foreign income. On the other hand, the money that leaves the country in the form of interest payments and dividends to foreign investors, royalties paid by the subsidiaries (located in Australia) to their overseas head offices decreases the total net foreign income. Current transfer / Foreign Aid Grants/ donation and workers (foreigners) send money to their home countries. Current Account Surplus and Deficit Current account surplus means that country is earning more than spending or in other incoming money (credits) exceeds outgoing money (debit). It means the country has more money to lend to other countries. Whereas, the current account deficit shows that the spendings of a country are higher than income/earnings. Capital Account It tracks the movements of funds for investment into and out of the country the capital account consist of four main components such as: Direct investment: Portfolio Investment Government Capital Official Reserve Direct investment: It refers to the foreign direct investment when the investor acquires ownership and control over these assets. Portfolio Investment It represents money that flows into and out of the country for the purchase of financial assets like stocks and bonds, whereas, the payment of the dividends and interest from these foreign investments will be the part of the current account and will not be counted towards capital account. Government Capital It refers to the Government borrowing from and repayments to overseas countries. Official Reserve The net foreign exchange transactions of central banks. Capital Account Surplus and Deficit The capital account surplus means more inflow of foreign capital into the country in the form of investments and the capital account deficit shows outflow of foreign capital from the country for investments compared to the domestic investment. A capital account surplus is usually being balanced by the current account deficit and vice versa. Together, these accounts constitute Balance of Payment (BOP), because of their offsetting nature the complete understanding of these two accounts is crucial for traders. How does the Reserve Bank of Australia, Institute monetary policy? Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) was constituted under the Reserve Bank Act 1959, and is responsible for preparation and carrying out of monetary policy. By definition monetary policy has been a process by which the monetary authority holds the provision of money, often targeting interest rates to achieve economic targets of low inflation and long term growth stability. Objectives of Monetary policy In setting monetary policy RBA is responsible to maintain the pursuit: Stability of Australian currency Full Employment Economic Prosperity and welfare of the people of Australia. In order to achieve above mentioned objectives, the Reserve Bank of Australia sets a targeted official cash rate (interbank overnight rate). The cash rate adjustments influence the other interest rate in the economy, expectations of community, exchange rate and ultimately involve the pace of rising prices (inflation rate). The appropriate target inflation rate agreed by RBA and Govt is at 2 to 3 percent on average over the cycle, as this rate will not materially affect the spending and investment patterns in the economy. As monetary policy is a means of influencing the economy by controlling the supply of money. By Act of Parliament RBA can manage the quantity of circulation of money through changing cash rate, buying and selling Govt securities and by making changes to statutory reserve deposits. The RBA usually meets once in every month, examine the health of the economic system as a whole and by reviewing the checklist of different economic indicators both domestic and international to decide on their monetary policy. Any decision/changes needed at the conclusion of the meeting, then communicated publicly. There are two types of monetary policies which are as follows: Expansionary monetary policy: It stimulates production and employment through an increase in the supply of money on credit in the market. The RBA can implement this policy by decreasing the cash rate or lowering reserve requirements in order to promote borrowing and spending in the economy. Small businesses often benefit with the execution of the expansionary monetary policy, but it has some drawbacks like decrease in value of currency, raise in inflation, output shortage, higher demands of wage etc. The objective of the RBA is to balance the available money to interest rate in order to ensure expansionary effect on the economic system. Contractionary Monetary policy: The primary aim of this type of policy is to draw out money out of the economic system to prevent the rising prices, decrease consumer spending and increase the value of currency. The activities through which RBA tightens monetary policy includes decreasing the official cash rate or by increasing the reserve requirements from other banks make it harder for consumers and investors to borrow money and persuade them not to drop more money. A monetary contraction further stabilize the prices of goods as inflation goes down. This policy slows down production because there is reduce demand for their products. An investor can also plan to cease planned expansion and this may cause unemployment in the future. What are the implications of rising or high inflation? In simple language inflation means an overall increase in prices of goods and services in the economy or decrease in the purchasing power of money over time. Inflation is caused by an increase in demand for commodities and services strongly outweighs the supply of commodities and services in the economy. Inflation rate can easily be calculated on monthly or yearly basis by applying the CPI. Inflation rate in Australia as reported by the Australian Bureau of Statistic is 2.9% in the first three months of 2014, up from 2.7 percent in the previous quarter but still it is below market forecasts. This cost increase was primarily due to seasonal increases in the cost of health care, school fees, transport and by large increases in tobacco duties. Impact of High Inflation on the Economy: High inflation is harmful to the economy as it moves in many ways such as: Distort Consumer Behavior: Consumer purchases their future required goods in advance because of the fear of price increase this can create a sudden shortage of goods in the market. Higher Wage Demands: Prices increase lead to higher wage demand as the fixed income earners require more money to keep their previous living standard. This process is called wage-price spiral. Greater Uncertainity: During inflation, rapid fluctuation in inflation rate can undermine business confidence. As it makes difficult for business organizations to accurately determine prices for their products and their returns from investment i.e. budgeting and investment valuation become difficult Firms may postpone their investment expansion because of lower consumer spending and this will adversely affect the economic growth in the economy. Savings Decrease: At high inflation times, people spend more money to keep their previous living standard therefore least amount they keep. As savings in the economy decrease less loanable funds are available for the firms to invest. Unemployment Rise: When the firms decide to curtail their current production or lay off their planned expansions they will not hire more workers this leads to lower job opportunities available in the economy. Damage to Export Competitiveness: Due to high inflation, the production cost of goods rise and their export will become less competitive in the international marketplace. This has an adverse result on the Balance of payments. Social Unrest: High inflation lead to a general feeling of discomfort for households as their purchasing power is falling and they have to postpone many of their desires. Hoarding in Economy Increase: Rapid increase in prices can sometime result in hoarding of basic commodities to gain more profit margins. What is the main economic indicator of growth in the economy? Economic indicator shows in which the direction of the economy is going. There are three primary types of economic Indicators i.e Leading, Coincident and Lagging indicators. In monitoring the economic growth and health, Govt, reserve bank (RBA) and other economist not only observe one indicator, simply stick with a large no domestic and of key economic indicators like inflation, GDP, inflation, Employment, wages, consumer an international d investment spending, interest rate, Balance of payment, Exchange rate etc. But the most comprehensive measure of economic performance is GDP (Gross Domestic Product). It is the best measure as it includes the output of all sectors and gives overall performance of the economy. It is likewise applied to evaluate the quality and success of Govt policy to attempt to attain the target economic growth. GDP by definition is the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country within a year. There are two methods normally applied to calculate GDP: Expenditure Approach Income Approach Expenditure Approach:- The total amounts spent on the goods a and services produced in a nation by households, firms, Govt and foreigners. Households consumptions (C) include all spending for the consumption of goods and services, business firms also consumes product in the form of investment (I) in capital goods. Capital goods means the tools and technology firms purchase to use in the production. Govt also consume products in the form of infrastructure goods (roads, bridges), services like education (public schools), health care (old age/poor persons medical coverage). Foreigners when purchase our nations goods (X) it increase GDP in the form of and when our other nation purchase other countries (M) products it decreases nations GDP. The formula to calculate GDP by expenditure Approach:- GDP = C + I + G + ( X – M ) Income Approach In an economy in different ways, such as rentals (Land), Wages depending on skilled /unskilled Capital income (Interest income from their savings at banks or other savings institutions) and in of profits from managing their own businesses (Enterpreurship). If we add all these types of incomes, we get the total of the nations income. The formula to calculate GDP by income approach is given below. GDP = Rentals (R) + Wages (W) + Interest (I) + Profits (P) For the economy as a whole total Income is equal to total expenditure because every dollar spend by a buyer is a dollar income for a seller. The limitations of using GDP as economic indicator:- GDP does not count for volunteer work which people do freely. People work freely in schools, hospitals etc.. GDP didnt include the effect of rebuilding after a natural disaster or war. Rebuilding increase the GDP. GDP does not consider the quality of goods. The consumer may go for cheap/low quality goods instead of expensive one this may lead to repetitive buying as of low quality aspect. More buying pattern affects the affect the GDP. Nevertheless despite of its few limitations economist uses GDP as to assess whether the purchasing ability of the nation increase / decline in the economy and also to quantify the relative growth, wealth and prosperity of different countries.

Berendts Attitude in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil :: Midnight Garden Good Evil

Berendt's Attitude in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil "The biggest challenge . . . is finding characters worth writing about, " says John Berendt, author of Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. "I found a mother lode in Savannah" (Anderson 18). Berendt conveys certain attitudes towards different characters and events. He takes the same explorative and open approach to each person and situation, but his final attitudes towards them are quite varied. He behaves very differently around Jim Williams than around Joe Odom and his crew, and differently from all of them when around Lee Adler. His reactions to the news of Williams's arrest and trials vary greatly from his reaction to the Lady Chablis' singular exit from "her" job. Berendt is more reserved and plays the part of the confidant when he is in the company of Williams. From their first meeting, Williams seems ready to open up to Berendt, and the reader gets the feeling that Berendt welcomes the role. He portrays Williams as an arrogant but decent enough type who is somewhat lonely and in need of a feeling of power. Williams's affinity for Nazi relics and weapons is one sign of his power fetish, as is his superior view of himself. Berendt takes all of this in stride and uses it to set up the foundation for Williamsà ­ actions during the trials later in the book. During their meeting, Williams tells him many stories about Savannah and the people who live there. Berendt's reaction to Joe Odom and his followers and friends is more relaxed. Joe gives Berendt the three basic rules of Savannah, which include "Always stick around for one more drink" and "Never go south of Gaston Street" (Berendt 49). These rules demonstrate the exclusiveness of Savannah and its willingness to let loose and have some fun with life. The third rule also shows one of the traditions of Savannah: "Observe the high holidays - Saint Patrick's Day and the day of the Georgia-Florida football game" (49). Nearly everyone in Savannah gets involved in both these holidays, adding their own twists to both. For Saint Patrick's Day, the drinking begins at 6 a.m. The women in South Georgia don't start wearing panty hose till after the big game. While Berendt doesn't let Joe's advice stop him from exploring south of Gaston Street, he welcomes the guidance all the same.

Human Factors Issues of Glare :: Optometry Vision Glare Essays

Human Factors Issues of Glare The problem of glare affects all individuals. Although it is usually only a fleeting annoyance, glare can have grave consequences. For instance, problems caused by glare from computer screens account for 10 million optometrist examinations per year (Berman, 1998). There are two types of glare: discomfort glare and disability glare. The types of glare are distinguished by their origin. Discomfort glare comes from an external source; it is the physical sensation one experiences in the presence of a light source that is too bright. An example of discomfort glare is the experience of stepping outside on a bright day just after leaving a dark movie theater. Surfaces such as snow and sidewalks can cause discomfort glare (Ludt, 1997). Discomfort glare affects everyone. Disability glare, however, has an internal source. It is intrinsic to the individual due to aging or disease. Disability glare refers to intraocular scattering of light that interferes with normal visual functioning by decrea sing image contrast on the retina. These individuals have a debilitating sensitivity to high levels of illumination. Streetlamps, floodlights, and the sun are examples of everyday encounters that can induce, and require recovery time from, disability glare. The pervasive and insidious nature of glare demands additional research. This paper examines discomfort glare, disability glare, the reasons why they warrant further research, and the direction of this research. Because discomfort glare refers to reflection sources in the field of vision, the most simple way to guard against discomfort glare is to modify the environment. Some of the sources of discomfort glare are the sun, unshielded streetlamps, floodlights, computer screens, and parabolic luminaires. When the sun is low on the horizon, early in the morning and at dusk, discomfort glare peaks because the sunà ­s illumination is much brighter than other objects and these objects become difficult to see. (Ludt, 1997). Protective gear may be sufficient to counteract the overhead rays of the sun in between dusk and dawn. A remedy for discomfort glare caused by the sun is simply to wear a visor while outdoors. A brim that extends 3 inches forward should block light from entering the pupil. Sunglasses with yellow, orange, or red tinted lenses may decrease discomfort glare (Ludt, 1997). Unshielded streetlamps, or semi-cutoff luminaires, fail to make streets safer because their high-wattage bulbs shine light throughout the entire surrounding area. Full cutoff optics are a less bright and ultimately safer alternative.

Frankenstein :: essays research papers

How do people change in times of crisis and tragedy? In the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, Victor learns a lesson in thinking before acting. Before creating the monster, he only cares about his studies and is relatively happy. After his creation, his studies become his phobia and his creation (which, while constructing him, used to be his love) became his tormentor. In the end, he learns his lesson and stops himself before committing the same mistake again. In creating life, one learns to live life a little wiser.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IN the beginning, Victor has a happy and almost carefree life. His home seems a place â€Å"†¦from which care and pain seemed for ever banished† (36). With a family such as his, no burdens seem to exist on his back. He has an entertaining mother, a father as a teacher, affection demanding brothers, and a gentle Elizabeth. He simply has no concerns. When Catherine (on her deathbed) joined the hands of Elizabeth and Victor saying, â€Å"†¦my firmest hopes of future happiness were placed on the prospect of you union† (37), it shows that Victor’s love life is also worry-free. Allowing him to further pursue his primary love, his studies. In stating, â€Å"I ardently desired the acquisition of knowledge† (40), Victor shows that his first priority is his studies. Even in leaving all he has ever known (family and friends), he only wants learn. Before creating life, his world is dandy†¦ with only the amount of knowledge he acquire s being his worry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furthermore, after his creation breathes its first breath, Victor already despises it, which leads to his health’s deterioration and hatred of his previous love. His love quickly changes to despise when he says, â€Å"I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. For this I had deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardor that far exceeded moderation; but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart† (53). His statement shows how his heart does a complete 1800 and stops loving the monster the moment it lives. When Victor’s â€Å"†¦heart palpitated in the sickness of fear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (54), it proves how his monster tormented his creator without having to be near him. Which also leads to the teaching of the lesson â€Å"think before you act†.

Developing a “National Culture:” The Impact of Radio Network Systems

Over the years, culture has obtained a broad and extensive definition that covers tangible to intangible elements that establish the basic dimensions of culture, to theories and ideologies that represent a deeper and more significant meaning of culture aside from shared common beliefs, traditions, and such. Indeed, culture may be defined in so many ways, under various circumstances, including how it frames race and ethnicity, how it shapes the structure of society within the national and international setting, and such.Therefore, the meaning or significance of culture, as well as the understanding of how it is developed depends upon the contextual backdrop or circumstances under which it is used. For instance, national culture refers to the kind and structure of culture that governs a nation or a country, despite cultural differences based on race or ethnicity, age, religion, location, and such. National culture is the kind of culture that keeps a nation together, identifying a kind of society and way of life that only exists and are attributed to a particular state or country.The establishment of national culture also differs from other types of culture. If culture founded on religion is established through shared beliefs based on spiritual principles or philosophies, national culture which encompasses a larger scale of population and coverage is developed through tools or instruments that directly attaches and unites the masses – that is the media, from broadcasting to advertising, and such. With this in mind, the remainder of this text will focus on culture and how it is developed, narrowing the broad area of culture to national culture.Moreover, the discussion will review the different network systems, specifically advertising, entertainment, and political broadcasting as mediums in cultivating national culture. National culture, as aforementioned, refers to the kind of culture that establishes the distinction between nations. It sets nations apart b y determining how one differs from another in terms of beliefs, traditions, norms and mores, ideologies, and such.National culture seeks to explicate why the act of spending time in the afternoon sitting down and drinking tea in the garden is a known English culture, and why resting for a short time in the afternoon or the siesta is credited to the Spanish culture. As simple as it may sound, national culture is the kind of culture that is present in beliefs, traditions, ideologies, norms and mores, and other practices that the majority, if not all, of a country’s population puts into practice.Since realizing that national culture is a phenomenon that necessitates massive influence to a large population, one might begin to wonder how this particular culture is cultivated due to its standards when it comes to population. We are looking into a tool, a device, or a system that facilitates the transfer of knowledge and information to many people all at the same time as a means of promoting or encouraging the large-scale practice or observation of a specific culture. This tool, device, or system is known as a network system which is fuelled by the structure and dimensions of mass media.Historical accounts will reveal how network systems have contributed to the development of national culture. The radio system was established before the television and television networks. Before people relied on television sets to bring them live video coverage of new features and breaking news here and abroad, and people went online to obtain various kinds of information from different places when and where they want it, they used to rely on radios for these particular purposes.In the 1920s, people relied on radios for news and other information and entertainment. People placed great importance on the radio system since it was able to become a variety of things all at once while reaching large populations in the process. For these reasons, corporations and organizations have identified an opportunity to develop their businesses out of the far-reaching powers and influence of the radio despite the fact that it was first introduced to the public as a means of disseminating significant information.Following the realization of the future of business and entrepreneurship in radio broadcasting, numerous radio stations and networks were established all over the nation transmitting what they feel the public wants and needs to know and grasp from radio transmissions. (Dominick, Messere, & Sherman, 26-28) The radio system was utilized for various purposes, for advertising various goods and services available in the market, to entertainment in the form of music and other programs or shows, and to promote political agendas through broadcasting.Radio stations and networks were clever enough to incorporate various segments that appeal to diverse populations set during time slots that are most likely to draw large population of viewers, specifically the target viewers . For instance, news segments will be set at time when the entire family is at home sitting down to together to listen to new information and such. Other shows include musical segments, radio commentaries, and with advertisements in between.(Dominick, Messere, & Sherman, 10-19) Since people during that time only had the radio as their means of linking themselves to the rest of the country and the world, radio stations and networks were in control of the information that goes through the system. This means that the kind of information or its contents being announced over the radio are the ones that people will have the opportunity of knowing and assimilating within their minds.This kind of exclusivity that exist between the radio system and its listeners is strengthened by the psychological fact that people clang to the radio since it made them feel involved and allied to the rest of the country and the world. The phenomenon, that is the connection between the radio and the public du ring that time, is similar to living inside a community isolated within a bubble or a dome wherein the structure of society is shaped and controlled by the structure and dynamics that springs within it. This metaphorical illustration depicts how the radio system has shaped national culture during that time.Business organizations who advertise through the radio, the kind of music most often played during musical segments, the coverage of news that radio stations are able to broadcast, as well as the kind of political information from public speeches, to press releases, and such, that the government announced through the radio system, were the only kind of information that the people obtained by listening to the radio all at the same time. Since the things or situations that people experience, by seeing, feeling, and in this case hearing, influences their state of mind, beliefs and ideologies, character, personal opinion, etc., and the things or situations that people experience by li stening to the radio are similar, their overall state of mind are shaped and influenced in the same manner more or less, consequently leading to the development of national culture through shared experiences by simply tuning in to the radio. The impact of the radio system is observed by reviewing history, particularly those that relate to politics since they reveal the greatest influence to national culture. For instance, China’s history reveals how the radio played a role in promoting the communist government of Mao Zedong.He controlled the kind of information that radio stations are allowed to broadcast to the public, particularly those that promote his government through the announcement of party decisions, knowledge and information that uphold communist ideologies, etc. , limiting knowledge and information that the Chinese people are allowed to learn, and also setting boundaries on how the nation is supposed to act, practice beliefs and traditions, promote ideologies and such. (Dominick, Messere & Sherman, 317-319)Another historical evidence which points to the influence of the radio system to shape national culture was the presidential elections in the United States in 1928. Apparently, the Republican Party chose to operate for the campaign by utilizing the radio system. Five speeches were allowed to be broadcasted through the radio convincing the people to vote for the party’s representative come election time. Sensing that the Republican Party has made a bold yet smart move in reaching the majority of the nation’s population, the Democratic Party followed in their opponent’s footsteps by broadcasting several speeches through the radio.The competition between the two parties commenced by their decision to make the radio a battle ground wherein the parties’ representatives aired their opinions through arguments and debates concerning major political, social, and economic issues that they believe the public wants and need s to know and understand in order to make a well-informed decision on who to vote for the presidency. However, the competition turned sour by scandalous attacks coming from both parties to weaken the momentum of the other party.The result of the antagonistic rivalry between the two parties was the involvement of the majority of the population in the election. Millions of people decided to register in order to vote since they believed that it was their role as citizens of the country to end the conflict by deciding who they want to become their national leader. (Rudel, 1-2) The influence of radio, being the only existing electronic medium during that time, was undeniable.The radio system, through its established capacity to influence majority of the nation’s population, was structured to monopolize everything that mass media offers to the public satisfying business organizations and political leaders, from advertising to entertainment, and even political broadcasting. The radi o’s ability to control and limit that kind of information being broadcasted through the airwaves to the people who constitute majority of the population led to the establishment of a national culture that was shaped by shared experiences through the radio system.