Joint Forest Management-a Review free essay sample

Joint Forest Management Joint Forest Management  often abbreviated as  JFM  is the official and popular term in  India  for partnerships in  forest  management  involving both the state forest departments and local communities. Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme in the present form can be traced to the Arabari experiment initiated by foresters in the state of West Bengal. This experiment provided a strong feedback for incorporation of the system in the National Forest Policy of 1988. In many locations people’s voluntary groups were engaged in protection of forests without any initiative from the Government. Subsequently, based on the experience, the process of institutionalizing people’s participation in forest protection and regeneration began. This type of collective endeavour in protection and management of forests through people’s involvement was later termed as Joint Forest Management. The objectives of JFM 1. To elicit active participation of villagers in (a) creation (b) management and (c)  protection of plantations; 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Joint Forest Management-a Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To achieve ecological needs consonant with sustainable productivity of wood and other  non-timber forest resources ; 3. To wean away the land owning communities from shifting cultivation by adopting an  alternative i. . Tree Farming ; 4. To productively utilise the degraded jhumland thereby checking soil erosion; 5. To conserve Biodiversity through people’s action ; 6. To create and generate forest –based economy for the villagers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Merits of JFM †¢ Fuel wood in the form of dry and fallen twigs and leaves from the forests is now available to participating communities. The proportion of the harvest that goes to the communities share varies across States. †¢ Some States like Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab have banned grazing completely, other States have allowed for rotational grazing. These practices have helped the regeneration and survival of vegetation in forests, and in increasing supply of fodder grasses. †¢ All NTFP, barring few nationalized products, are now available to the people free of royalty in all states. People have a right to collect even the nationalized products like Kendu leaves, Sal seeds etc. †¢ VFCs are also entitled to a share in the timber harvest in varying proportions. There are provisions for contribution to Village Development Fund from a portion from people’s share from final harvest proceedings. There has been a significant shift in the labour utilization patterns in communities across various States owing to the increased supply of fodder and fuelwood, this is more significant with respect to women. †¢ At the state level there are Corporations such as Forest Development Corporations, Forest Industries Development Corporations, etc for marketing of specific forest products and apex agencies like Marketing Federat ions such as Tribal Marketing Federation of India, which organise the marketing of forest products. There are co-operatives of the forest gatherers such as Girijan Co-operative Societies as in Andhra Pradesh. †¢ In case of timber marketing, provisions in the JFM resolutions and government regulations require the VFCs to take permission from FD for felling and transport of timber and thus, they are unable to get involved in timber marketing. †¢ On an average, 40% of the sites across the four study states showed improvements in the regeneration status owing to protection against biotic pressure, fires and illicit felling; another 20% are showing positive trends. On an average high plant densities were observed in regeneration class at 70% sites and remaining sites had high plant densities in recruitment class. JFM sites that were provided better protection and where the institutions were strong had maximum augmentation of volume and density per hectare in the lowest class owing to better regeneration. †¢ In order to provide incentives to communities for economic returns to sustain forest protection and management efforts, different states are adopting practices for augmenting supply of NTFPs. Improved agriculture is being promoted with the creation of irrigation infrastructure in many states. Status of JFM Programme Government of India on June 1, 1990 issued guidelines to the state governments for involving local communities in the protection and development of the degraded forests. Based on this,the JFM programme has now been widely adopted in twenty two states of the country. These states are Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. As per information received by the Ministry from the various State Governments as on 1. 1. 2000, there are 36130 JFM Committees managing 10,248,586. 41 ha. of forests under the JFM programme in these 22 states of the country. The primary objective of JFM is to provide a visible role to the local communities in planning, management and protection of forests and to give them a share in the benefits from these forests. On operational parameters, JFM is a concept of developing partnership between forest department and fringe forest user groups on the basis of jointly defined roles and responsibilities. JFM in India is gradually emerging as a powerful tool of sustainable forestry. It recognises the livelihood and sustenance needs of the people through the principle of ‘care and share’. The concept of JFM has been interpretted in various ways but the basic element in this concept is to establish grass-root community based institutions for protection and management of the forests. The programme aims at empowering local people for their active participation as partner in the management of forest resources and sharing the benefits derived from its protection and management. The JFM approach optimises the returns, minimises conflicts and links the forestry development works with over all development of the land based resources. It also aims at acquiring technical and managerial capability available at the grassroot level.

World Studies Extended Essay Sample

World Studies Extended Essay SampleA World Studies Extended Essay Sample is a great place to begin your knowledge of the sciences and humanities. There are many books available in the market that contain detailed information about some of the most important world studies.The fact that science and humanities have a long history has helped these two fields immensely. Scientific findings can be used to modify or develop a civilization. Some of the best thinkers in the field of world studies had it in their minds to make their field of study more relevant and beneficial to human beings.It has been recorded that the first writing on world studies was written by the Egyptian scientist, Thutmose. He stated that the world was too large to be categorized under one discipline, but it was apparent that each type of world could be studied within its own domain. In order to achieve his objective, he brought together a number of the best thinkers of the time. They comprised of Zoroaster, Aristotle , Socrates, Plato, Pythagoras, Diogenes, and others.For this kind of kind research project, they decided to bring together a group of their colleagues who would be able to give them good information. They focused on studying world religions, because there were too many ideas being put forward for each one to be able to be weighed equally.The Roman Doctor of Laws, Livy, carried out research into the world religions. His work is replete with important references to other world religions, and he determined that world religions can be divided into four divisions. These were the Muslim religion, the Indian religion, the Christian religion, and the Jewish religion.He also did extensive research into the four types of world religions. He claimed that each had its own way of worship, customs, and traditions. He referred tosome of the big world religions as the Abrahamic religions, the Buddhist religions, the Hinduism, and the Jainism.When you are trying to decide if world studies is worth y our time, you will have to compare it to the World Wide Web. You will see that this is an easier method for gathering data. Once you have gathered all the information that you require, you can then compare it with the World Wide Web, and decide if it suits your needs.