Discussion Board #6 Cool Jazz Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board #6 Cool Jazz - Article Example Pure musical devices have been used in the production of the recording and emotional expressions are correctly used. The recording is accompanied by a cool and detached concentration which encircles the performances that happens alongside the recording. In the recording, the rhythm section’s role is to provide the foundation over which the improvisers could drape melodies to accompany the recording or the album. The drummers and bassist have efficiently played their role in the recording as they have not interacted with the soloists; therefore, intensity in the recording has been controlled. The recording also posses’ incredible lines sound making it be a perfect match of the 21st century, this is because of the rhythmic activity used by instrumentalist in the recording. The recording thus reveals subconscious-Lee as musician of the past who has allowed and incorporated changes in the twenty first century to produce a form of music that is appealing to the present and future

Cross Subsidizing Political Groups in the Name of Agriculture Essay

Cross Subsidizing Political Groups in the Name of Agriculture - Essay Example The intention of the talk was making fair international law for a balanced trade approach for developing countries.This round could not fetch any results as there was no agreement on farm subsidies and market access.But it also decided to further continue talks in next negotiations. The Ministerial Declaration launching the Doha Development Agenda reflects the "broad agenda" and the focus on development.: It mandates negotiations on agriculture, industrial products, services, intellectual property (geographical indications, TRIPs, and Health), the "Singapore issues" (investment, competition, transparency in government procurement and trade facilitation), WTO rules (anti-dumping, subsidies, regional trade agreements) and trade and environment. Doha Development Agenda, European Union and WTO, Trade Issues, European Unions says that its primary objects in the WTO were multilateral trade rulemaking, market opening, the integration of developing countries in the world trade system and the improvement of the functioning of the WTO   it has believed that doing away with high tariffs, tariff peaks, and tariff escalation will significantly increase trade opportunities between North and South EU points out that market access negotiations on services would help in improving market opportunities for business as well as benefits to consumers worldwide. But it stood against general deregulation or privatization of sectors where principles of public interest are at stake. European Union's stand was that Doha Development Agenda succeed only if development opportunities of individual members, makes a tangible contribution to international efforts in favor of sustainable development and increases. We had seen large protests and processions consequent to every talk. There is a lot of lobbying for and against the trade negotiations inside and outside the international trade bodies. It is not economics, but its impact on domestic politics was the major cause for each and every co untry.The last one decade has seen a tremendous effort from the developing countries going for substantial efforts to make structural changes in their economies as part of reform agenda. Elimination of export subsidies, reductions in, and tighter criteria for, domestic "trade-distorting" subsidies in developed countries, reduction of tariff peaks and standardization and rationalization of food safety and processing requirements In this background there should have been some efforts from the developed world to genuinely address the concern of the developing world. Anyhow Doha meet was failed in reaching any concrete step before the next talk. In the year2003, Members again get together at Cancà ºn to forge concrete agreement on the Doha round objectives. The focus of Cancun negotiations was on agriculture, industrial goods, trade services and customer codes reforms. But again the developed world and developing world fight in the agriculture sector.Here also rich countries’ fa rm subsidies such as European Union's Common Agriculture Policies and US governments agro subsidies were the major roadblock.

Unmasking the Meaning Essay Example for Free

Unmasking the Meaning Essay In, â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† by Edgar Allan Poe, Prince Prospero believes he has the ability to escape the inevitable plague through the use of his social and economic power. After encountering a â€Å"masked figure† of the Red Death, Prince Prospero falls into rage of the mysterious man who interrupts his masquerade. Because of his reckless and foolish acts, Prince Prospero and the guests of his masquerade fall into the hands of death. Poe creates a passage describing Prince Prospero’s palace, adding several descriptions of its color and order orientation. In this passage, Poe uses adjective clauses and simple compound sentences to develop a symbolism towards the objects in his allegory. In one of the lines of the, Poe writes ‘†The second chamber was purple in its ornaments and tapestries, and here the panes were purple†, describing the subjects itself and enhancing them with the addition of an adjective clause. Poe’s addition of the adjective clause â€Å"here the panes were purple† creates an in-depth meaning of the object. Poe moves on to emphasize the final room by obscuring description, stating that â€Å"The seventh apartment was closely shrouded in black velvet tapestries that hung all over the ceiling and down the walls.† Poe clearly acknowledges these specific sentences compared to his others. He progresses, going as far to extend the sentences by adding several more adjectives to specify a hidden meaning. Furthermore, Poe shifts to draw more attention towards the seventh apartment, developing separate sentences to enhance the last sentence â€Å"The seventh apartment was† The adjective clauses are most likely Poe’s intention for readers to attract interest in the seventh apartment and for them to uncover its significance. Throughout the passage, Poe describes each apartment with merely simple compound sentences. But, as the passage moves on, Poe shifts from â€Å"That art the eastern extremity was hung, for example, in blue – and vividly blue were its windows† to â€Å"The fourth was furnished and lighted with orange – the fifth with white – the sixth with violet.† The first three simple compound sentences describing the six other apartments all incorporate youth (blue), intuition (purple), life (green), vitality of endurance (orange), purity (white), and spirituality (violet). Poe developed simple a compound sentences for, blue, purple, and green, but a simple sentence, â€Å"The fourth was furnished and lighted with orange – the fifth with white – the sixth with violet† for the other incorporated colors. This symbolizes Prince Prospero’s favor of youth, intuition, and life, but lacks vitality, purity, and spirituality. Subsequently, Poe differentiates Prince Prospero’s concluding color, black, by shifting again from compound sentences to a complex sentence. He writes, â€Å"The seventh apartment was closely shrouded in black velvet tapestries that hung all over the ceiling and down the walls, falling in heavy folds upon a carpet of the same material and hue† to emphasize Prince Prospero’s interest in death. Prince Prospero’s actions such as attempting to his avoid his problems and death, is the most reasonable explanation to Poe’s reason of switching sentence structure. Switching sentence structure crafts a clear understanding in the meaning of the color and apartment. Therefore, Poe uses both adjective clauses and simple compound sentences to illuminate Prince Prospero. The symbolic colors and Poe’s syntax reveals his corrupt personality.

Competing views of the entrepreneur

Competing views of the entrepreneur The term entrepreneur has become to have a broad definition over the years, with many authors debating over the types of characteristics that make up a person who can be classed as entrepreneurial. The word originally came from the French meaning one who takes between but over the years the term has developed with varying definitions from academic literature, the media and often people classed as entrepreneurs themselves, causing great difficulty in finding a universal definition. In the late 18th Century, Cantillion and Say from the French school of thought were amongst the first to recognise the role of the entrepreneur. Cantillion first defined entrepreneurs as a risk taker, buying at a certain price and selling at an uncertain price. (Cited in Blaug 1986:220) Jean-Baptiste Say backed this up by stating entrepreneurs are the pivot of the economy, a vehicle for economic change. Deakins and Freel (2009). In the years to come, further concepts of entrepreneurs were developed and argued amongst academics. By examining the differing opinions from a broad spectrum of authors since the role was first distinguished, through the years where the meaning has become diverse and arguments have surfaced over the true meaning of entrepreneurship, I hope to make clear whether the term is so unclear to render it worthless or find some way of giving it some true common definition in todays society. To investigate the varying opinions and definitions of the entrepreneur successfully, it is important to compare views on all aspects of being an entrepreneur. By Looking into how entrepreneurs have ideas for new ventures, the effects on the economy, the number of entrepreneurs and the types of ideas they have and ways they become entrepreneurial. As a starting point it seems all academics and speakers on the subject regard entrepreneurs as opportunity spotters Shapero A (1975) develops this further stating In almost all of the definitions, there is agreement that it includes initiative taking, organising and reorganising of social and economic mechanisms to turn resources and situations to practical account and the acceptance of risk or failure Muzyka and Birley (2000:31) add to this idea stating No one should call themselves a successful entrepreneur until they have captured an opportunity. The basis of entrepreneurial debates is based around two main perspectives from contrasting authors of the Austrian school of thought; these include the Kirznerian perspective founded by Israel Kirzner and the Schumpeterian perspective introduced by Joseph Schumpeter. The origin of this long standing debate was around information and whether or not entrepreneurial opportunities were derived from new information (Schumpeter 1934) or access to previously inaccessible information. (Kirzner 1973) Kirzner explains how people use the information they possess to come to decisions about the best way of combining their resources in forming a good or service offering to a market. However if this combination of resources is not operating to full efficiency, there is potential to use a different combination of resources in order to make a greater profit. Gaglio and Katz (2001) consolidate this idea by explaining how entrepreneurial opportunities involve the creation or identification of new ends and means that have gone unnoticed by other market participants. However the conflicting Schumpeterian view focuses on new information, arguing that changes in technology, political forces, regulation, macro-economic factors and social trends create new information, used to create a new combination of resources to generate increased profits. (Schumpeter 1934). For example deregulation in the airline industry as Thompson (2004:301) explains when new airlines were allowed to fly into and out of Heathrow for the first time since 1977, it allowed access to new information for potential entrants to penetrate the market. Furthermore improvements in technological processes have led to entrepreneurial activity in the evolution of music players for example, from the audio cassette player through to the mass multimedia players of today, such as the IPod. Schultz (1975) argues that entrepreneurship is an equilibrating process, whereby situations of disequilibria caused by market participants not operating at maximum efficiency are dealt with by entrepreneurs acting on access to the necessary information to bring about equilibrium. Very much like Kirzner (1973) who both state that the entrepreneur reallocates resources using the most efficient method. However dissimilar to Kirzner, Schultz argues that the process takes time and equilibrium is often brought back about by trial and error or human resource investment. (Iversen et al 2008) Klein and Cook (2005:4) explained this in their research on the human capital approach to entrepreneurship, using farmers as an example of how they must deal with a sequence of many differing changes, especially in such an atomistic industry, making any adjustments much lengthier. In stark contrast to this approach, Schumpeter (1934) argued that entrepreneurship brings about the process of creative destruction, which Ellison (2002:136) defines as the dynamic disequilibrium wrought by the innovating entrepreneur, with his creative rather than adaptive responses to opportunities. Schumpeter suggested that entrepreneurs disrupt the existing system by shifting production constraints and brining about new technology which puts an economy into disequilibrium. Swedburg (2000:46) further explains Schumpeters theory of entrepreneurship by stating that the entrepreneur puts together a new combination; combining already existing materials and thereby produces something novel and innovative. However Steyaert and Hjorth (2004) explained how Schumpeters Disequilibrium reflects the existence of informational asymmetry about new sources of profit potential meaning that certain groups of people might have access to information ahead of others which opens up opportunities. Knig ht (1921) argued that if change could be predicted producers could plan ahead and thereby efficiently eliminate any profit potential. As Mises (1949:297) develops this stating how, profit opportunities arise from changes unforeseen by the majority. Schumpeter (1934) used his creative destruction theory to proclaim the temporariness of the entrepreneur, he assumed that entrepreneurship was a temporary attribute to an individual, as a wave of creative destruction that displaced old methods resulted in brisk imitation by competitors. Parker (2004:41) explained how after creative destruction, ultimately stability would be restored and entrepreneurship would reach a temporary cessation before the next wave of creative destruction. McDaniel (2002) agreed with Schumpeters idea in that when a new product enters the market that is new and unique is gives the entrepreneur a temporary position as monopolist. Conversely Scranton (1993) puts forward the notion of serial entrepreneurs and there existence since the dawn of industrialisation. Serial entrepreneurs are those who constantly buy and sell businesses to stay entrepreneurial. Hall (1995) narrows this broad definition proposing how the individual owns one business after another but o nly own one at a time. This type of entrepreneur challenges Schumpeters temporary entrepreneur and suggests that individuals can be constantly entrepreneurial Theorists further debate the frequency of entrepreneurial opportunities and how and why individuals decide to go from employees to employers in an entrepreneurial manner. Chapman and Marquis (1912:293) were amongst the first to investigate employing classes being recruited from wage earning classes. Schumpeter (1961:102) argued that entrepreneurship was a rare occurrence, as it stems from innovation, the ability to carry out new combinations. However in contrast Kirzner (1979) explained how entrepreneurial acts were much more common. Aldrich (1999) agreed with Kirzners statement due to the fact that most opportunities are constructive to established ways, which links back to argument on entrepreneurship being an equilibrating or dis-equilibrating process. When an entrepreneur decides to exploit an opportunity, again there is no universal definition on their motives. Oxenfeldt (1943:109) points out that real entrepreneurs confine their adventures to lines of business that they were previously engaged in as an employer or employee. Knight (1921) agrees stating Those with prior experience in an industry as a customer or supplier often have a better understanding of how to meet demand conditions in that market place. However as Hamilton and Harper (1994) argue, this goes against the theoretical entrepreneur as omniscient, profit-orientated, opportunistic and versatile. Nonetheless as versatile as an entrepreneur might be, Baumol (1993) highlights that when people cannot fully know the full range of options facing them, the calculation of an optimum within a given set of constraints is impossible Mark Casson has tried to develop a modern theory of entrepreneurship, by fusing together entrepreneurial attributes and theories of many of the older authors. One major area of his work was in the supply of entrepreneurs. Casson (1982) distinguished between two groups of entrepreneurs, those who value their leisure at less than the prevailing real wage and those who value it more. He explains how the latter group have a strong chance of becoming an entrepreneur, if the returns of entrepreneurship rises above the real wage rate. Eisenhauers (1995) model of the decision to become an entrepreneur is very much like Cassons as it is also based on the expected utility derived from income and the working conditions of employment vs self-employment. However Casson (1982) stressed that any supply of entrepreneurs are qualified entrepreneurs who are defined as having access to the necessary resources in order to back their thought, such as wealth, contacts or the relevant financing in place, t herefore for Casson, entrepreneurship is much more of a resource, whereby firms or individuals with the capital can invest in individuals with entrepreneurial ability. A real life example of this would be the BBCs Dragons Den programme whereby successful entrepreneurs who have created multi-millionaire empires, invest their masses of capital, in smaller scale entrepreneurs looking for investment in their ideas. Kirzner (1973) has a differing opinion, he expresses that entrepreneurship is not a factor of production and entrepreneurial alertness is non deployable and costless, meaning that no resources are needed to detect entrepreneurial opportunities, he also discarded the use of supply and demand curves with entrepreneurs. As much as opportunities can be spotted, the supply of entrepreneurs to an economy depends on their willingness to act upon them. McClelland (1961) identified that a major factor in an individuals willingness to act was motivation and the need for it in achievement. When individuals decide to exploit opportunities, there are further debates between academics over the types of entrepreneur. Schumpeter had the stance that only certain, extraordinary individuals have the ability to be entrepreneurial, Hanusch and Pyka (2007:289) explained his point in that extraordinary effort required to work out a scheme of innovation, the need to escape from deeply embedded modes of thinking and acting and the task of inducing many other people to make changes. Marshall (1994) defined his entrepreneur as someone who had a thorough understanding of their industry and are natural leaders, claiming that very few can possess all of the skills required to be entrepreneurial to a high enough extent, very much like Schumpeters extraordinary person. However, unlike Schumpeter, Marshall (1994) implies that people can be taught to acquire the skills necessary to be an entrepreneur. Schumpeter (1934:85) goes on to describe his entrepreneur as rational, egotistical and self -centred to an extent that is peculiar and rare by nature. Barnes (2000:65) described this as an individual in setting in that this self centeredness is a disconnection from the constraints of tradition and habit that allow new combinations to commence. Dissimilarly to this is the view of Kirzner (1973) who thought that anybody can be an entrepreneur, since it presupposes no special initial good fortune in the form of valuable assets as the new entrepreneur is not protected at all. In todays society , many entrepreneurs agree with Kirzner, explaining how anyone can become an entrepreneur, one of Britains most popular entrepreneurs Duncan Bannatyne wrote an autobiography entitled Anyone can do it which highlights how he rose to success and makes references to how it is possible for others today. Knight (1921) states only that the entrepreneur is a risk taker meaning that the entrepreneur is prepared to take on an element of risk for the chance of a reward of profit, this being the revenue generated for taking on uncertainty. Knight developed his idea of the entrepreneur being a risk taker by clarifying the difference between risk and uncertainty. Risk being where differing outcomes can be forecasted to some degree with uncertainty being where outcomes cannot be envisaged. Brockhaus (1980b) disagreed with Knight, he could not see any difference between the risk taking levels of new entrepreneurs from those of managers or the general public. Schumpeter (1934) agreed and expressed that risk can just be part of business ownership and not an entrepreneurial attribute; he expressed how it was the lender of capital who was at risk rather than the entrepreneur. Although Hull et al (1980) found in their study that entrepreneurs have a greater tendency to take risks, with Palmer (1971 ) suggesting that the testing of entrepreneurs be directed most towards the measurement of an individuals perception and handling of a risk. Say (1803) also highlighted the notion of the entrepreneur taking risk in bringing different factors of production together, with Say (1803) being one of the first to regognise the role of the entrepreneur and the characteristic of being a risk taker still being used in literature today, this can be seen as a strong characteristic of any entrepreneur. George Shackle (1970) described the entrepreneur as creative and imaginative. Rickets (2002) developed this idea stating that the imaginative idea comes from the exercise of developing alternative future states of affairs. Shackles View (1970) centralises on the role of uncertainty and how the imaginative entrepreneur can visualise how best to arrange resources in a changing uncertain world. In other words uncertainty gives rise to opportunities. Shackles work was based around Cantillions early ideas of entrepreneurship being buying at a certain price and selling at an uncertain price. However Earl (2003:68) strongly criticised Shackles ideas stating how this creativeness that he emphasises should be more focused to the work of Schumpeter who brought about creative destruction and the idea of the entrepreneur being extra-ordinary and special as appose to the intermediary idea of authors such as Cantillion and Kirzner. One of the main areas of debate between academics is over the type of act that can be classed as entrepreneurial. Schumpeter (1934) is strongly remembered for his theory of the entrepreneur being an innovator, this relates to the ideas discussed before regarding Schumpeters (1934) entrepreneur shifting production constraints and bringing about new processes and technologies, he defined entrepreneurs as the creators of change in the sense that they have a vision and the urge to be successful in achieving it. An example of this could be James Dyson who produced the worlds first bag-less vacuum cleaner which in tern rendered the Hoover almost worthless. Fagerburg and Mowery (2005) made an important distinction between invention and innovation, invention being the first occurrence of an idea, with innovation being the first attempt to carry it out into practice. Edquist (1997) defined technical innovations as the introduction of new knowledge or new combinations of existing knowledge int o the economy, from this Sternburg (2000) highlighted the importance of innovation, supporting Schumpeters idea of the innovating entrepreneur, with his stance of business growth stemming from the companys ability to constantly innovate. Drucker (1985) like Schumpeter also, agues that innovation is the tool of entrepreneurs, however he goes on, that entrepreneurship is also about improving total quality and adding value. An example of this being the McDonalds chain, in that they did not create anything new when the business began in 1940, offering the same as many American restaurants at the time. However through the application of management concepts, most notably their Speedy service system which added value and created a new industry as such, to Drucker (1985), this is entrepreneurship. Kirzner (1973) had very different views on the roles of his entrepreneur in that he believed they were alert to profitable opportunities for exchange. His idea of the entrepreneur was one of an intermediary in a supply chain, in other words a middle man between individuals. As previously mentioned the Kirznerian (1973) entrepreneur seeks imbalances in the market and aims to eradicate them with their entrepreneurial action. An example of a Kirznerian entrepreneurial action was the launch of Accommodationforstudents.com, founded by two students in 2000, who noticed imbalances in the market place through the personal difficulties they had in finding accommodation throughout their studies. This validates Marshalls (1994) theory that having a thorough understanding of the industry is necessary to entrepreneurial success. Kirzner (1978) explained how his ideas were often based around those of Ludwig Von Mises after being his assistant for some years. Mises (1951) explains how profit emerge s from the entrepreneur that can judge the future prices of products more than others do and therefore buy any factors of production at low prices before they increase. It is also alleged that this activity takes place within an economy with limited resources and production confines. This can be illustrated using the production possibility frontier below. Kirzner (1973) argues that activities take place within the curve and his entrepreneur pushes activities to their maximum to reach the edge. Yet Schumpeter (1934) suggests that the entrepreneur pushes the curve outwards with the introduction of new technologies and methods as production possibilities in the economy therefore increase. An example of this in action could be the now ever mainstream use of the internet in business operations, over the past ten years this has allowed mass expansion of business operations with companies being able to operate in global markets. Landstrom (2005:15) Knights (1921) theory on risk and uncertainty being part of the entrepreneurial personality inspired other academics to investigate entrepreneurship from small firm management. Deakins and Freel (2009) use Knights assumptions of an entrepreneur being responsible for ones own actions, to make the proposition that managers who assume this responsibility are consequently performing entrepreneurial functions. However Shailer (1994:34) states how managers do not necessarily fit any of the current popular definitions of entrepreneur and concludes that whilst 90% of owner managers are obliged to fill the role as capitalist, only 20-40% will act as entrepreneurs under common definitions. Abundant amounts of research has been carried out between so called managers and entrepreneurs, a study by Miner et al (1989) found that entrepreneurs scored significantly higher on self-achievement than managers. Furthermore Mill (1848) appeared to believe that the inclusion of risk bearing distinguished th e term entrepreneur from manager, Shackle (1955) approved and highlighted the uncertainty element of the entrepreneurial process. One example of this might be in terms of wages, an employed manager of a firm is guaranteed a wage, whereas entrepreneurs have the uncertainty of their businesses performance. Ricketts (2002:80) comments on how once a venture is established, the scope for entrepreneurship does not cease, as continuous change in the economy requires adaptation by the firm, which results in the need for some entrepreneurial talent; Meaning that entrepreneurship can emerge from within companies. Galbraith (1967) introduced the concept of large firms being more successful than small firms in technology based industries, Schumpeters (1934) theory developed on this theme, with his notion of entrepreneurs emerging from within businesses, initiating change from inside a firm. He called these individuals Intrapreneurs. His idea was based on the fact that larger organisations have better infrastructure in place; established research and development facilities, high levels of available finance, connections with stakeholders of the business and the companies experiences. This idea was supported by Wu (1989) who described the firm as a collection of entrepreneurs. However drawbacks of the Intrapreneur can also exist, by transferring some power, to unproven individuals could perhaps be risky and put your reputation at threat also successful intrapreneurs may very well demand larger proportions of profit if they see their ideas taking off successfully. (Virtual Advisor 2009). An example of intrapreneurship having problems occurred at Xeron, whereby employees working on an idea were discarded when they suggested new software. The employees went on to develop this and created Adobe, one of the most popular digital post-script readers. Although at Google, employees are given 20% of their time to come up with new ideas which as resulted in services such as Gmail and Adsense, rendering the scheme a success. http://sgentrepreneurs.com/events/2009/01/24/after-ceo-unplugged-intrapreneurship-at-nus-entrepreneurship-week/ Miner et al (1989) and other authors views on managers and entrepreneurs http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0FxO_Wsh30kCpg=PA100dq=entrepreneurs+as+managers#v=onepageq=entrepreneurs%20as%20managersf=false http://www.jstor.org/pss/255515 RISK, PALMER AND MILL QUOTES Wu (1989) describes a firm as a coalition of entrepreneurs, which agrees a production policy, an organisational structure, and a rule for sharing the residual profits. (page 80 of Ricketts) Galbraith (1967) concept of large firms more successful that small firms in technology based industries, however this concept is more associated with Schumpeter Schumpeter argued that there were 5 sources of entrepreneurial change: 1) The introduction of a new or improved good 2) The introduction of a new method of production 3) The opening of a new market 4) The exploitation of a new source of supply 5) The re-organisation of business management processes. (1934) DYSON: Schumpeterian Following Audretsch (2002), we argue that the absence of a generally accepted definition of entrepreneurship reflects that it is a multidimensional concept, involving aspects of uncertainty-bearing, innovation, opportunity-seeking, management and enterprising individuals. Main thoughts References Aldrich H E (1999) Organisations evolving, London: Sage Barnes B (2000) Understanding agency, London: Sage. Page 65 Baumol W J (1993) Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Payoffs, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Blaug M (1986) Entrepreneurship before and after Schumpeter, in economic History and the History of economics. New York: New York University Press. Pages 219-30 Brockhaus R H (1980b) Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs, Academy of management journal, 23,3, 509-20 Casson M (1982) The Entrepreneur, Oxford: Martin Robertson and co. Chapman S J and Marquis F J (1912:293) The recruiting of the employing class from the ranks of the wage earners in the Cotton Industry, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol 75 No 3 pp293-313 Deakins and Freel (2009) Entrepreneurship and Small Firms, 5th edition, Berkshire: Mcgraw-Hill. Drucker P F (1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship, New York: Harper and Row. Earl P E (2003) Information, Opportunism and economic coordination, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Page 68 Edquist C (1997), Systems of Innovation Technologies, Institutions and Organizations, London: Pinter Eisenhauer J (1995) The Entrepreneurial Decision: Economic theory and empirical evidence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 19(4), 67-79 Ellison A P (2002) Entrepreneurs and the transformation of the global economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elder publishing Limited. Page 136 Fagerburg J and Mowery D (2005), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford : Oxford University Press Gaglio C and Katz J (2001) The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness. Small Business economics, 16, 95-11 Galbraith J K (1967) The New Industrial State, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Hall, P. (1995) Habitual owners of small businesses, Small Firms Partnership for Growth, London: Paul Chapman, pp. 217-230 Hamilton R T and Harper D A (1994) The Entrepreneur in theory and practice, Journal of economic studies, 21(6) pp 3-18 Hanusch and Pyka (2007) Elgar comparison to neo-Schumpeterian economics, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Page 289 Hull D, Bosley, J and Udell, G (1980). Renewing the hunt for the heffalump: Identifying potential entrepreneurs by personality characteristics. Journal of Small Business, 18, 11-18. Iversen J R Jorgensen Nikolaj Malchow-Moller (2008) http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/171539783_2.html Kirzner I (1973) Competition and Entrepreneurship, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kirzner (1978) The Economic Point of View: An Essay in the History of Economic Thought, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kirzner I (1979) Perception, Opportunity and profit, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Knight F (1921) Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Klein P and Cook M (2005) T.W Schultz and the Human Capital Approach to Entrepreneurship, Division of applied Social Sciences. Available from: http://web.missouri.edu/~kleinp/papers/06011.pdf. [Accessed 21st November 2009] Landstrom H (2005) Pioneers in entrepreneurship and small business research, USA: Springer. Marshall A (1994) Principles of Economics, Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, 248-250. McClelland D C (1961) The Achieving Society, D Van Nostrand co, Princeton NJ McDaniel (2002) Entrepreneurship and Innovation; An economic Approach, United Kingdom: M E Sharpe. Mill J S (1848) Principles of Political Economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Milner J, Smith N and Bracker J (1989) Role of entrepreneurial task motivation in the growth of technologically innovative firms, Journal of applied psychology, 74 (4), 554-60 Mises (1949) Human action: A treatise on Economics. New Haven: Yale University Press. Page 297 Mises L V (1951) Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, New Haven: Yale University Press. Muzyka D and Birley S (2000) Mastering Entrepreneurship, 2nd edition, United Kingdom: Pearson Education. Page 31 Oxenfeldt A R (1943:109) New firms and Free Enterprise: Pre War and Post War Aspects, Washington: American council on public affairs. Palmer M (1971) The Application of Psychological Testing to Entrepreneurial Potential, California Management Review 13, 32-38. Parker S (2004) The economics of self employment and entrepreneurship, England: Cambridge University press. Page 41 Ricketts (2002) The Economics of Business Enterprise: An Introduction to Economic organisation and the theory of the firm, third edition. Page 80 Say (1803) A Treatise on Political Economy, or the production, distribution and consumption of wealth, New Jersey: Transaction publishing. Schumpeter J (1934) The theory of economic development. New York: Oxford University Press Schumpeter, J. (1961). Theory of Economic Development.Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Page 102 Scranton P (1993) Build a firm, start another: The Bromleys and family firm entrepreneurship in the Philadelphia region, Business History. Shackle (1955) Shailer G (1994) Capitalists and entrepreneurs in owner managed firms, International small business journal, Vol 12, no 3, pp 33-41 Shapero A (1975), The Displaced, Uncomfortable Entrepreneur, Psychology Today, Vol. 9 pp.83 133 Sternburg R (2000) Innovation networks and regional development evidence from the European regional innovation survey (ERIS): Theoretical concepts, methodological approach, Empirical basis and introduction to the theme issue, European theme issue, European planning studies, Vol 8, pp389-407 Steyaert C and Hjorth D (2004) New Movements in entrepreneurship, United States: Edward Elgar publishing. Swedburg (2000) Entrepreneurial: The social Science View, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thompson J L (2004) Strategic Management, 4th edition, London: Thomson Publishing. Page 301 Virtual Advisor (2009) Fostering Intrapreneurial Ideas, Available from: http://www.va-interactive.com/inbusiness/editorial/bizdev/ibt/intrapre.html#6, [Accessed 8th December 2009] Wu (1989) Bibliography Bannatyne D (2009) Anyone can do it, London: Orion Publishing Group. McDonalds (2009) Our History, Available from: Historyhttp://aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/mcd_history.html, [Accessed 2nd December 2009] SG Entrepreneurs (2009) After CEO Unplugged-Intrapreneur at NUS Entrepreneurship Week, Available from: http://sgentrepreneurs.com/events/2009/01/24/after-ceo-unplugged-intrapreneurship-at-nus-entrepreneurship-week/. [Accessed 8th December 2009]

Smart Impaired :: essays research papers

Smart Impaired Traditional values have always implemented the idea of an intellectual life style, that education is the sole key to success in life. Although there is an undeniable truth in that spectrum in the long run, there are advantages to being stupid when the run is short. Stupid is so politically incorrect, but then it does no harm to the spoken party since their comprehension of vocabulary words whose spelling exceeds three letters is dim. When can you say that you are under no pressure than when you're stupid? Lowered expectations only lead to less disappointments, so stupidity is not a bad quality to have. Smart kids, are two kinds, one whose gift of smart is common sense and one who is just plain gifted. They constantly work their butts off to achieve some award, and in statistical artificial jargon, ninety-eight percent fall to the hell pit of being average students. And who remembers average kids, surely stupid kids are noted more for the last hilarious thing they did, such as irritating the most revered teacher with enthusiastic inquiries about unrelated subjects. A stupid kid is never erased from the memory, you'll always find yourself recalling their incessant wit. " What year was the war of 1812 again ? " I remembered so well when Jeremy Hershonmire asked that question about, oh, a million times. It all sent us laughing about his seriousness while asking the question. There was also a school wide spelling bee with mandatory participation. It was a show that supposedly displayed the accelerated curriculum at our school. After the spelling bee, while most smart kids would of been frustrated because of their failure to capture victory, Jeremy Hershonmire was content with being able to spell the d-i-s in the word dissipated. Stupid people are also counted on to do less work. They are never picked on at math class, so they are not reluctant to incorrectly elucidate Desargues's theorem, or be in the inconvenience of trying to show everybody how to solve a problem. In algebra last year, the class was subsequently segregated in three groups: people who did their homework, people who understood algebra and did their homework, and people who were dunces. Lucas Kaith was one of the dunces, he sat in class everyday and I almost literally saw algebra go through one ear and out the other. And through the course of the year I never heard Mrs.

Pierre Trudeau :: Biographies

Pierre Trudeau Pierre Trudeau, former Prime Minister of Canada, was once described as "A French Canadian proud of his identity and culture, yet a biting critic of French-Canadian society, determined to destroy its mythology and illusions". He has also been identified as "A staunch, upholder of provincial autonomy holding the justice portfolio in the federal government". Such cumulative appraisal and observation made by past fellow bureaucrat provides high testimonial for the ex-Democratic Socialist. This critique will establish and dispute the prime directives that Trudeau had advocated in his own book written during the years 1965 to 1967. The compilation of political essays featured in his book deal with the diverse complexities of social, cultural and economical issues that were predominant in Canadian politics during the mid 1960's. However, throughout my readings I was also able to discover the fundamental principles that Trudeau would advocate in order to establish a strong and productive influence in Canadian politics. Born in 1921, Trudeau entered the world in a bilingual/bicultural home located in the heart of Montreal, Quebec. His acceptance into the University of Montreal would mark the beginning of his adventures into the Canadian political spectrum. Early in his life, Trudeau had become somewhat anti-clerical and possessed communist ideologies which were considered radical at the time. Graduating from prestigious institutions such as Harvard and The School of Economics in England, Turdeau returned to Canada in 1949 and resumed his social science endeavors. At this time in Quebec, the province was experiencing tremendous cultural and political differences with the rest of the country. The Union Nationale had taken possession of political matters in Quebec and was steadily dismantling the socialist essence imposed on the province by the Federal government. The current Prime Minister, Maurice Duplessis, found himself battling a religious nationalist movement that corrupted the very fabric of political stability in Quebec. The Duplessis faction maintained their conservative approach towards political reform but failed to sway the majority of the population into alleviating with the demands of the Canadian government. The citizens of Quebec revered their clerical sector as holding 'utmost importance' towards preserving French cultural values and this did not correlate with the Federal government's policies and ideals. Francophones were under the impression that their own Federal government had set out to crush and assimilate what had remained of their illustrious heritage in order to accommodate economic and political tranquility. Trudeau himself had decided to join the nationalist uprising with his advocation of provincial autonomy. Ultimately, he and other skilled social scientists attempted to bring down the Duplessis party in 1949, but failed miserably in their efforts.

Bangladesh Automated Cheque Processing System (Bacps)

Bangladesh Bank Head Office, Dhaka Payment Systems Division PSD Circular No. 02/2009 Managing Director/Chief Executive Officers All scheduled banks in Bangladesh Date : 4 Falgun 1415 February 16, 2009 Dear Sir, Bangladesh Automated Cheque Processing System (BACPS) at the expanded Dhaka Clearing Region. You are aware that Bangladesh Bank has been working to modernize the country’s payment system. The most visible step towards modernizing payment system is the establishment of the Bangladesh Automated Clearing House (BACH). Bangladesh Automated Cheque Processing System (BACPS) is one of two components of BACH. The other component of BACH is the Bangladesh Electronic Funds Transfer Network (BEFTN), which will be implemented immediately after implementing first phase of BACPS. Selected vendor has already started procuring necessary hardware and software for the BACPS solution. Detailed system specifications and operational configurations are being defined and calculated with a target of going live operation at expanded Dhaka Clearing Region with more than 1050 bank branches of 49 banks in and around the capital city during the second half of 2009. 2. The basic features of BACPS are the adoption of new cheque design standard with a Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) code line and the exchange of cheque-image and data instead of paper cheques for clearing and settlement purpose. Retention of the original paper cheque will become the responsibility of the presenting bank rather than the paying bank. Banks are required to make arrangement and develop infrastructures to meet the requirements of the new system. Bangladesh Bank will adopt necessary Regulation(s) and issue Operating Rules and Procedures in this regard. Standards of cheques for BACPS have already been circulated and banks have meanwhile been advised to take steps to print uniform standardized cheques with MICR line. Appropriate information to the banks about requirements they must meet to participate in and interface with BACPS are provided below: (i) Point of Truncation: All scheduled banks who are members of the Dhaka Clearing House will be required to submit their list of selected branches and to finalize their â€Å"point of truncation† for submission of their outward cheque images and data to BACPS and be prepared to handle cheque image and data as part of their inward clearing operations. Banks can choose to truncate and process their cheques at individual branch level or at a consolidation point in line with their business needs. However, it must be noted that each bank will have only one Point of Truncation for BACPS. (ii) Scanning Standard: Images must be captured for both the sides (front and back) of each instrument in the format prescribed below: Image Type 01. 02. Front : Black and White Back : Black and White DPI range 200-300 DPI 200-300 DPI Format TIFF TIFF Compression CCITT G4 CCITT G4 3. iii) Software/Integration: All banks will receive images and data, not paper cheques, from the BACPS for all of the items for which they are the paying bank. Therefore, all banks must acquire the capability to accept as well as to send the image files and data from and to the BACPS. However, those banks who will not be able to equip themselves for processing out clearing items electronically within the stipulated time, will be allowed to process their ‘out-clearingsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ by using the Bangladesh Bank’s own facility at Motijheel for a limited time. However, banks availing of ‘out-clearing’ facilities will have to acquire the capability to receive their ‘In-clearing’ items electronically. Once in-clearing data and images are delivered to a bank by BACPS, the subsequent verification and Contd†¦ P/2 -2- processing of that information becomes the responsibility of the respective paying bank. Bangladesh Bank will supply a gateway software module, known as the Participating Bank Module (PBM) which will act as a gateway, amongst other functions, enabling the receipt or transmission of images and transaction data from and to the BACPS. iv) Communication Links: All scheduled banks are required to put in place two secure communication links, one with BACH Headquarter at Motijheel and another with the BACH Disaster Recovery Site (DRS) at Mirpur. The size and scalability of these links will depend on each bank’s mode of operation and daily volumes. It is preferred that banks acquire fibre optic link an d another redundant communication link with BACH at Motijheel and DRS at Mirpur, Dhaka. 4. Participating banks are required to accomplish the following tasks within the time stipulated below : Activity Issuing MICR standard cheques and phasing out non-standard cheques used by customers b. Selection of vendor(s) and submission of plan for installing necessary hardware and software for cheque processing and connectivity with BACH c. Communication links installed between banks and the BACH d. Users’ Acceptance Test (UAT) for each individual bank with BACPS e. BACPS LIVE a. Dead-line 01-03-2009 to 30-05-2009 30-04-2009 31-05-2009 01-06-2009 to 30-07-2009 03-08-2009 5. The purpose of this circular and distribution of functional specifications is to provide an initial understanding about the requirements that must be met by the participating banks. Detailed specifications attached to this circular are: (i) Active Image Clearing System (AICS) Specification containing the format of the files to be exchanged between BACPS and participating banks (Annexure-I) (ii) PBM Specification regarding functionality for gateway software module (Annexure-II) (iii) Network Specification describing standards for the communication links and security devices required for interfacing with the BACH (Annexure-III) All of these Annexures may be provided in soft versions on a CD and also be available at our website. 6. It is, therefore, advised that member banks update their preparations to be in step with the progress of the implementation of the BACH. The BACPS rules and procedures will be forwarded to you in due course. Please acknowledge receipt. ( Chowdhury Mohidul Haque ) Executive Director, Bangladesh Bank and Project Director, RPP Project Tel: 7167988, Fax: 7164233 Email: chowdhury. [email  protected] org. bd