Supply and Demand are Market Economy

Question: Discuss about the Supply and Demand are Market Economy. Answer: Introduction Supply and demand are considered as the backbone of the market economy as well as the major primary concepts of economics. Demand describes the total amount of a commodity as well as services that are desired by purchasers. It also demotes the total amount of the commodity that all the purchasers are willing to purchase at a certain price. On the other hand, supply describes the total amount of a product that are offered by the market. It also denotes the amount of a certain commodity that certain producers are willing to supply (Bowen and Sosa 2014). According to the law of demand, if all the factors remain constant, the more the price of a good the individuals will demand the less. On the other hand, if the price of good decreases, the individuals will demand more. Similarly, the law of supply denotes the total quantity of a commodity that are sold at a certain price (Kannai and Selden 2014). Discussion According to the Sydney Morning Herald, Supermarkets in Australia struggles to meet demand for brand label milk. Dairy farmers are facing the problem related to fall in prices since Coles. During the face of decreasing global prices, the two biggest dairy processors in Australia cut the price they desired to pay to the farmers for milk. As a result, a social media platform arranged campaign that called for customers in order to support the farmers by purchasing more milk, yoghurt as well as cheese and the individuals were also requested to purchase branded products instead of home brand goods from the supermarkets. According to the president of Australian Dairy Farmers, she did not encourage boycotting certain brands however; she desired to see individuals purchasing branded products (Lawrence and Dixon 2015). There are noteworthy changes taking place in the economic growth rate as well as the domestic policies of the trading partners that is likely to affect the demand for agricultural products in Australia. The demand for agricultural products in Australia is mostly influenced by outbreaks in the food safety and more wide-ranging concerns of customers over chemicals used during the production procedure. Worldwide diets are becoming increasingly harmonized that in turn forced governments to focus on manufacturing as well as importing agricultural products that were previously consumed by only Western societies (Qureshi, Hanjra and Ward 2013). In order to reach the export target set by the government, the farmers of Australia requires to improve their productivity as well as competitiveness in the international market. The growing population in Australia is likely to get coupled with rising per capita consumption that will in turn put an increased pressure on the domestic food system. On the other hand, the aging population in Australia will increasingly have an effect on both food consumption prototypes and total demand. The increasing ethnicity in Australia is likely to drive demand for imported food commodities (Marinoni et al. 2012). The factors other than price that affects demand includes tastes and preferences of the customers, income of the people as well as the number of individuals in the market. Tastes and preferences is regarded is one of the most imperative determinant that affects demand. The demand will be more for those products, the tastes and preferences for which will be grater. As a result, the demand curve for such products lies at a higher level. The demand for several goods changes due to change in fashion. Income of the people also determines their demand because if the income of the people increases, their demand for goods will increase. The greater income indicates greater purchasing power. In other words, if the income of the people increases they will be able to afford more. If the commodity is a normal good, then the increase in income will lead to increase in demand. However, if the commodity is an inferior good, then an increase in income diminishes the demand. The market demand for a g ood is obtained by adding up the demand of the individuals at several possible prices (Bohi 2013). The factor other than price that affects supply includes technology, transport condition as well as policies of the government. Technology is considered as one of the most important determinants for supply as an enhanced and better technology leads to increase in the production of a commodity that in turn leads to increase in supply. The supply of a commodity will also get decreased if the government incurs tax. In other words, the increase in tax leads to increase in the cost of production that in turn lowers supply. Transport also acts as a constraint for supply of a commodity. If the products are not available at the specified time due to poor transport facility, it affects the supply for that product. Conclusion It can be concluded that the population in Australia is predominantly urban that is largely accountable for the augmented demand for suitable processed foods. At present, Australia upholds a trade surplus in the food processing and beverages sector. It can also be concluded that income of the people also determines their demand because if the income of the people increases, their demand for goods will increase. References Bohi, D.R., 2013.Analyzing demand behavior: a study of energy elasticities. Routledge. Bowen, W.G. and Sosa, J.A., 2014.Prospects for faculty in the arts and sciences: A study of factors affecting demand and supply, 1987 to 2012. Princeton University Press. Kannai, Y. and Selden, L., 2014. Violation of the Law of Demand.Economic Theory,55(1), pp.1-28. Lawrence, G. and Dixon, J., 2015. 11. The political economy of agri-food: Supermarkets.Handbook of the International Political Economy of Agriculture and Food, p.213. Marinoni, O., Garcia, J.N., Marvanek, S., Prestwidge, D., Clifford, D. and Laredo, L.A., 2012. Development of a system to produce maps of agricultural profit on a continental scale: an example for Australia.Agricultural Systems,105(1), pp.33-45 retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/supermarkets-struggle-to-meet-demand-for-brand-label-milk-20160524-gp2cwo.html Qureshi, M.E., Hanjra, M.A. and Ward, J., 2013. Impact of water scarcity in Australia on global food security in an era of climate change.Food Policy,38, pp.136-145.

Joint Forest Management-a Review free essay sample

Joint Forest Management Joint Forest Management  often abbreviated as  JFM  is the official and popular term in  India  for partnerships in  forest  management  involving both the state forest departments and local communities. Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme in the present form can be traced to the Arabari experiment initiated by foresters in the state of West Bengal. This experiment provided a strong feedback for incorporation of the system in the National Forest Policy of 1988. In many locations people’s voluntary groups were engaged in protection of forests without any initiative from the Government. Subsequently, based on the experience, the process of institutionalizing people’s participation in forest protection and regeneration began. This type of collective endeavour in protection and management of forests through people’s involvement was later termed as Joint Forest Management. The objectives of JFM 1. To elicit active participation of villagers in (a) creation (b) management and (c)  protection of plantations; 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Joint Forest Management-a Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To achieve ecological needs consonant with sustainable productivity of wood and other  non-timber forest resources ; 3. To wean away the land owning communities from shifting cultivation by adopting an  alternative i. . Tree Farming ; 4. To productively utilise the degraded jhumland thereby checking soil erosion; 5. To conserve Biodiversity through people’s action ; 6. To create and generate forest –based economy for the villagers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Merits of JFM †¢ Fuel wood in the form of dry and fallen twigs and leaves from the forests is now available to participating communities. The proportion of the harvest that goes to the communities share varies across States. †¢ Some States like Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab have banned grazing completely, other States have allowed for rotational grazing. These practices have helped the regeneration and survival of vegetation in forests, and in increasing supply of fodder grasses. †¢ All NTFP, barring few nationalized products, are now available to the people free of royalty in all states. People have a right to collect even the nationalized products like Kendu leaves, Sal seeds etc. †¢ VFCs are also entitled to a share in the timber harvest in varying proportions. There are provisions for contribution to Village Development Fund from a portion from people’s share from final harvest proceedings. There has been a significant shift in the labour utilization patterns in communities across various States owing to the increased supply of fodder and fuelwood, this is more significant with respect to women. †¢ At the state level there are Corporations such as Forest Development Corporations, Forest Industries Development Corporations, etc for marketing of specific forest products and apex agencies like Marketing Federat ions such as Tribal Marketing Federation of India, which organise the marketing of forest products. There are co-operatives of the forest gatherers such as Girijan Co-operative Societies as in Andhra Pradesh. †¢ In case of timber marketing, provisions in the JFM resolutions and government regulations require the VFCs to take permission from FD for felling and transport of timber and thus, they are unable to get involved in timber marketing. †¢ On an average, 40% of the sites across the four study states showed improvements in the regeneration status owing to protection against biotic pressure, fires and illicit felling; another 20% are showing positive trends. On an average high plant densities were observed in regeneration class at 70% sites and remaining sites had high plant densities in recruitment class. JFM sites that were provided better protection and where the institutions were strong had maximum augmentation of volume and density per hectare in the lowest class owing to better regeneration. †¢ In order to provide incentives to communities for economic returns to sustain forest protection and management efforts, different states are adopting practices for augmenting supply of NTFPs. Improved agriculture is being promoted with the creation of irrigation infrastructure in many states. Status of JFM Programme Government of India on June 1, 1990 issued guidelines to the state governments for involving local communities in the protection and development of the degraded forests. Based on this,the JFM programme has now been widely adopted in twenty two states of the country. These states are Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. As per information received by the Ministry from the various State Governments as on 1. 1. 2000, there are 36130 JFM Committees managing 10,248,586. 41 ha. of forests under the JFM programme in these 22 states of the country. The primary objective of JFM is to provide a visible role to the local communities in planning, management and protection of forests and to give them a share in the benefits from these forests. On operational parameters, JFM is a concept of developing partnership between forest department and fringe forest user groups on the basis of jointly defined roles and responsibilities. JFM in India is gradually emerging as a powerful tool of sustainable forestry. It recognises the livelihood and sustenance needs of the people through the principle of ‘care and share’. The concept of JFM has been interpretted in various ways but the basic element in this concept is to establish grass-root community based institutions for protection and management of the forests. The programme aims at empowering local people for their active participation as partner in the management of forest resources and sharing the benefits derived from its protection and management. The JFM approach optimises the returns, minimises conflicts and links the forestry development works with over all development of the land based resources. It also aims at acquiring technical and managerial capability available at the grassroot level.

World Studies Extended Essay Sample

World Studies Extended Essay SampleA World Studies Extended Essay Sample is a great place to begin your knowledge of the sciences and humanities. There are many books available in the market that contain detailed information about some of the most important world studies.The fact that science and humanities have a long history has helped these two fields immensely. Scientific findings can be used to modify or develop a civilization. Some of the best thinkers in the field of world studies had it in their minds to make their field of study more relevant and beneficial to human beings.It has been recorded that the first writing on world studies was written by the Egyptian scientist, Thutmose. He stated that the world was too large to be categorized under one discipline, but it was apparent that each type of world could be studied within its own domain. In order to achieve his objective, he brought together a number of the best thinkers of the time. They comprised of Zoroaster, Aristotle , Socrates, Plato, Pythagoras, Diogenes, and others.For this kind of kind research project, they decided to bring together a group of their colleagues who would be able to give them good information. They focused on studying world religions, because there were too many ideas being put forward for each one to be able to be weighed equally.The Roman Doctor of Laws, Livy, carried out research into the world religions. His work is replete with important references to other world religions, and he determined that world religions can be divided into four divisions. These were the Muslim religion, the Indian religion, the Christian religion, and the Jewish religion.He also did extensive research into the four types of world religions. He claimed that each had its own way of worship, customs, and traditions. He referred tosome of the big world religions as the Abrahamic religions, the Buddhist religions, the Hinduism, and the Jainism.When you are trying to decide if world studies is worth y our time, you will have to compare it to the World Wide Web. You will see that this is an easier method for gathering data. Once you have gathered all the information that you require, you can then compare it with the World Wide Web, and decide if it suits your needs.

3 Cases of Superfluous Semicolons

3 Cases of Superfluous Semicolons 3 Cases of Superfluous Semicolons 3 Cases of Superfluous Semicolons By Mark Nichol Semicolons serve one of two purposes: A semicolon can act as a weak period to separate two independent clauses so closely associated that dividing them into distinct sentences might seem excessive, or it can function as a supercomma in a sentence consisting of a list in which one or more items ordinarily separated by commas themselves include commas. Sometimes, however, employment of a semicolon in one of these roles seems to be merited but is not. The following examples, each followed by a discussion and a revision, illustrate such unnecessary usage. 1. Another factor is the actual speed of disruption; specifically, the ability of organizations to change rapidly. A semicolon used as a weak period must separate two independent clauses. Because the second half of this sentence is a mere subordinate clause, the semicolon is not appropriate. Using a comma in place of a semicolon fails to clarify the hierarchy of the sentence (preceding and following specifically with a comma would at least temporarily obscure whether specifically applies to the clause before it or the one that follows), so a dash is the best alternative: â€Å"Another factor is the actual speed of disruption- specifically, the ability of organizations to change rapidly.† (Parenthesizing the subordinate clause is also an option, but parentheses serve to diminish the impact of additional information, while a dash emphasizes it.) 2. This evaluation should include ascertaining which account balances are touched by the work of the provider; the related internal control assertions; how results are evaluated for reasonableness within established tolerances as dictated by the desired precision of the control activities in question; and whether the provider conforms to the organization’s code of conduct. Most of the list items in this sentence are long, but a semicolon exists to delineate complex phrases that already include commas rather than to set off extensive phrases; the statement is coherent without fortifying the divisions by changing the punctuation from commas to semicolons, so the latter are not necessary: â€Å"This evaluation should include ascertaining which account balances are touched by the work of the provider, the related internal control assertions, how results are evaluated for reasonableness within established tolerances as dictated by the desired precision of the control activities in question, and whether the provider conforms to the organization’s code of conduct.† 3. Soon, it becomes clear that the implications of the change reach farther than the finance and accounting group to impact operations, potentially leading to decisions to restructure customer contracts and pricing models; adjust sales commission and incentive compensation plans; modify debt covenants; assess tax planning strategies; and impact mergers and acquisitions transactions, forecasting reports, executive dashboards, and partnership and joint venture reports. Readers might conceivably be confused by this sentence’s organization because of the complexity of the list item â€Å"impact mergers . . . joint venture reports,† so retaining the semicolons is defensible, but because it is last in the sentence, it is probably safe to simplify punctuation by using commas in place of semicolons: â€Å"Soon, it becomes clear that the implications of the change reach farther than the finance and accounting group to impact operations, potentially leading to decisions to restructure customer contracts and pricing models, adjust sales commission and incentive compensation plans, modify debt covenants, assess tax planning strategies, and impact mergers and acquisitions transactions, forecasting reports, executive dashboards, and partnership and joint venture reports.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point ArcHomogeneous vs. HeterogeneousTypes of Plots

Learning Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Learning Theories - Essay Example Activities in the lesson plan are already aligned with principles of Cognitivism. Cognitivism is concerned about making students fully understand the concepts (Casas, 2011). Contrary to Behaviorism, which relies on memorization for mastery of the subject (Arizona State University), Cognitivism relies on higher thinking skills such as analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Therefore, to incorporate principles of Cognitivism in the current lesson, one should focus on making students use higher thinking skills in mastering the concepts that will be taught. The first means of instruction is to use visual and verbal content at the same time. It entails the use of visual aids in the explanation of the story to better facilitate expedient learning on the students. The use of pictures is important because it appeals to the visual sense of the students. It is not enough to just mention Mississippi to engage students. Pictures will aid in making them imagine what they can find in the setting of the story. Also, instead of making students read the story right away, it will help students to understand the story more if the teacher presents vocabulary words used in the story. The short story makes use of the setting to highlight the theme. Therefore, for the main task, students are assigned to construct the timeline of the story. In making the timeline, they are expected to base their work on the events of the story. Making the timeline will challenge their analytical skills as they cut out Grandma Phoenix’s trail. Likewise, the visuals they will make will help to strengthen their knowledge of the plot, hence lead them to a deeper understanding of the story.

SUPPLY CHAIN GLOBAL TREND - Supply and logistics management CLASS Research Paper

SUPPLY CHAIN GLOBAL TREND - Supply and logistics management CLASS - Research Paper Example Customers on their part have become very sophisticated in that they are so keen to discover how a certain product affects the rest of the world. Any business that engages in sustainable activities has received a lot of favors from the rest of the world through donations and market share. The most important aspect of any business dealing is the nature of the supply chain in which the organization uses to acquire goods and services as well as serve its clients. Sustainability is among the global trends affecting supply chain in the world today. Researchers and scholars believe that for an organization and the entire global market to become sustainable the process must start with individual supply chains (Faisal 517). As a result, related bodies have come up with strategies to help individual organizations and industries to establish sustainability in their supply chains. In this connection, this paper aims at discussing sustainability as one of the emerging global trends in supply chai n. Sustainability houses three key issues including environmental protection, socio-cultural and economic performance. These three must be incorporated in any business endeavor to make it sustainable and healthy to the society. Proponents of sustainability in supply chain see it as a way to improve organizational performance and a way to grow the general economy of the world. In addition, sustainable supply chain aims at mitigating the negative impacts on the environment and society that occur in the supply chain. A supply chain is made up different individuals with different personalities and ethnic background (Miemczyk 484). Social harmony and cultural responsibility must be upheld in the supply chain transactions to ensure that organizations achieve maximum success and that customer satisfaction is achieved. The environment in which a business operates is key to its success. The health of the environment determines the flow of material and

Research Project Climate Change Essay Example for Free

Research Project Climate Change Essay INTRODUCTION Climate change is the variation of the weather in global scale which include changes in temperature, precipitation, nebulosity and other phenomena. These variations last for an extended period of time (decades to millions of years) and they can be caused by external forces (variations on the solar activity, orbital variations, impact of meteorites), internal forces (volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics, El Nino), or by results of the human activity (global warming). Global Warming There are many questions about global warming, from its causes to its effects, and many people even question whether or not it even exists. Global warming is described as the increase of the average temperature of the Earth caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities, such as deforestation, use of fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion and cement production. According to the global warming theory, the intensification of industrial activities during the twentieth century (based on the fossil fuel combustion such as petrol and coal) increased the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. The increase of the global temperature and the new composition of the atmosphere lead to several alterations which affect the elevation of the sea level, heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, ocean acidification and species extinctions, to name a few. Greenhouse effect and the emission of CO2 Greenhouse gases keep the Earth warm through a process called the greenhouse effect. If it were not for the greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere, the Earth would be a very cold place. Greenhouse gases are any of the atmospheric gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation produced by solar warming. They include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and water vapor. Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, but the elevated levels are directly blamed to human activities, specially the production in excess of carbon dioxide when any material containing carbon is burned, such as oil, coal, natural gas, or wood. However it is controversial whether the human activities are to blame for the global warming due to the emission of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide represents a very small percentage of the gases in the atmosphere (only 0.032%) and it is immediately absorbed by the vegetation, in all kind of environments, without any possibility of accumulation anywhere. The population that consumes CO2 (plants) is much bigger than the population that is emitting this gas (men and machines). Besides, the energy used in the process of removing CO2 from the atmosphere is endless: the solar energy. Mainly, the determining factors of the climate change are basically the energy of the sun or insulation and the speed of the rotation and translation of the Earth. Is Global Warming Real? Although the whole world is aware of the global warming issue and is afraid of what its impacts could do in the coming future, there are those who still believe global warming is a fiction and does not exist. The global warming debate in many parts of the earth is ranging more than before. One of the world’s best known climate change sceptic John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel, has claimed that the theory of man-made climate change is no longer scientifically credible and rising global temperatures points to a natural phenomenon within a developing eco-system. According to Coleman, global warming has become a political and environment agenda item, but the science is not valid, and efforts to prove the theory that carbon dioxide is a significant greenhouse gas and pollutant causing significant warming or weather effects have failed. â€Å"The impact of humans on climate is not  catastrophic†, he says, â€Å"our planet is not in peril. It is all a scam, the result of bad science.† (John Coleman, 2014) On the other hand, former Vice President Al Gore, who had an award-winning documentary film in 2006 called An Inconvenient Truth which discusses the present and future effects of global warming, continues his fight against global warming and says that â€Å"we simply cannot continue to use the atmosphere as an open sewer for dirty and dangerous global warming pollution that endangers our health and makes storms, floods, mudslides and droughts much more dangerous and threatening.† (Al Gore, 2014). He supports the adoption of renewable energy such as solar and wind power and enforces bold new standards for fuel economy. CONCLUSION Whether global warming is a consequence of human activities or other phenomena (or both), it is real and climate change is happening. We should all do our part to help alter the future path of human-induced warming by adopting a more responsible lifestyle to reduce the amount of CO2 emission by reducing waste, recycling, switching to green power (wind and solar), planting trees, carpooling and so on. Also, less energy use means less dependence on the fossil fuels that create greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming. REFERENCES Climate Change. – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Global Warming. – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Global Warming. – NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/global-warming.php (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Coleman, J. (2014) Global Warming Greatest Scam in History! – Global Warming And The Climate. Retrieved from http://www.global-warming-and-the-climate.com/ arguments-against-global-warming.htm Gore, A. (June 18, 2014) The Turning Point: New Hope for the Climate. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/ the-turning-point-new-hope-for-the- climate-20140618 Statement by Former Vice President Gore on Australias climate policy. July 17, 2014. Retrieved from blog.algore.com (Online; accessed 19-November-2014).