Synthesis And Function Of The Dopamine Transporter

In this experiment, the reaction that occurs because of ligand binding to YFP, a dopamine transporter was observed. This experiment required sterility practice, immunofluorescence staining, and colocalization. To accurately conduct immunofluorescence staining, a thorough understanding of proper sterile techniques is needed. Sterility refers to cell culturing experiments without any contamination, therefore all of the experiment was performed under the hood. No discoloration signified no contamination. The entire experiment proved successful upon identifying the YFP dopamine followed by colocalization and concluding with a release of calcium in the cell. Introduction Structure and function of the dopamine transporter The dopamine active†¦show more content†¦The dopamine transporter can also work backwards,for example, in an efflux mode, and recent mutagenesis experiments show different structural requirements for inward and outward transport. Figure 2: Newly synthesized dopamine transporters traffic to the surface of neuronal cells via the endomembranous system which includes the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi Apparatus. (Figure 3 below) Figure 3 DAT is involved in a number of dopamine-related disorders, including ADHD, bipolar disorder, clinical depression, and alcoholism. The gene that encodes the DAT protein is located on human chromosome 5, consists of 15 coding exons, and is roughly 64 kbp long. Dopamine biosynthesis Dopamine is an organic molecule that is made up in the dopaminergic neurons through the expulsion of a carboxyl group from the L-Dopa molecule. Figure 4: The biosynthesis of Dopamine Tyrosine → L-Dopa → Dopamine This chemical functions as a neurotransmitter in nerve cells by sending signals to other nerve cells. DA is produced in the brain, kidneys, plants, and most multicellular animals. The first step in the biosynthesis of Dopamine uses the enzyme Tyrosine Hydroxylase which is biosynthesised. The complete reaction for this goes as follows: L-tyrosine + THFA + O2 + Fe2+ -- L-dopa + DHFA + H2O + Fe2+.The forming of L-dopa, L-tyrosine, tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA),Show MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Nutrients And Mood1360 Words   |  6 PagesMechanism Of Nutrient Action Various micronutrient-related factors are associated with increased risk of psychiatric illness, and micronutrients play essential roles in an array of brain functions that have been implicated in mood lability. Micronutrient inadequacy may impair one or more of these critical brain functions and result in psychiatric symptoms. The micronutrient-mood regulation mechanisms discussed in this review are not exhaustive, nor are they mutually exclusive; in fact, they may be complementaryRead MoreEssay about Ecstasy2454 Words   |  10 Pagesuse of the brain cells. The neurotransmitter is released from nerve terminals found at the axon base. When they diffuse across the synapse, they are then recognized by receptors on the receiving cell with which they attach themselves. The major function this bond performs is it, induces, inhibits or modulates currents of electrically charged particles (ions) across the cell membrane (Aertes). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, synthesized by the amino acid tryptophan and tryptophan hydroxylaseRead MoreThe Use Of Modafinil And Armodafinil Are Oral Central Nervous System Wakefulness Promoting1253 Words   |  6 Pagesenzymes associated with sleep/wake regulation at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Hence, both these compounds do not modulate receptors for norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, adenosine, galanin, histamine-3, melatonin, melanocortin, orexin-1, orphanin, PACAP and benzodiazepines; or transporters for norepinephrine, serotonin, COMT, GABA; or enzymes like choline or phosphodiesterase VI, GABA transaminase, and tyrosine hydroxylase. MAO-B or phosphodiesterases II-V are notRead MoreGlucocerebrosidase Enzyme Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesinteraction is a specific significance to PD because it is a single glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mutation is that carries an increased risk of cognitive impairment. Synuclein alpha is linked to the cognitive impairment and psychosis of PD and DLB. The lost function of GBA has been found in postmortem brain of individuals that were diagnosed had a global defect in lysosomal enzymes with those with PD. The GBA gene within the brain increases the risk of individuals of having PD due to the mutation of the geneRead More Ecstasy Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pagesin the neurons cause a lack of serotonine transporters, the spots on the neurons responsible for reabsorbing serotonine. Ecstasy blocks the re-uptake of serotonine by the synaptic terminal. The serotonine becomes toxic and begins to kill off brain cells (â€Å"After the Rave: the Ecstasy Hangover†, (www.faculity. washington.edu/chudler/mdma.html). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another effect of the lack of serotonine is he decreasing amount of dopamine. Dopamine is an important role in cardiovascular, renalRead MoreExplain The Mechanisms Of Neural Communication, And The Influence That Different Drugs Have On This Communication1650 Words   |  7 Pagesthree mechanisms, a cell body which is referred to as the soma, dendrites and an axon (Pinel, 2011). The cell body comprises of the nucleus and other organelles (Ward, 2010). The nucleus contains the genetic code, and this is involved with protein synthesis (He, 2013). The dendrites receive information from other neurons which are located in a close proximity (Kalat, 1995). The terminal of an axon compresses into a disc-shaped structure (Gross, 2010). This is where chemical signals also known as aRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe current school of thought on the causes of ADHD in childhood are the inhibition of the dopamine receptors in the brain, in particular DRD4 and DAT1receptors. Concurring to the research DSM-IV also acknowledges that both receptors are linked to ADHD. The dopamine receptor-4 (DRD4), in particular 7-repeat allele (Turic, 2010), which is attached to DRD4 is important because it reacts less strongly with dopamine, thus uptake is reduced as the number of 7R alleles found rises, as indicated by researc hRead MoreOur patient was admitted to the ICU with respiratory distress. Respiratory distress is caused by an1400 Words   |  6 Pagesbut genes play a large role as well. These genes include â€Å"those that code for beta cell mass, beta cell function†¦proinsulin and insulin molecular structure, insulin receptors, hepatic synthesis of glucose, glucagon synthesis, and cellular responsiveness to insulin stimulation† (McCance and Huether, 2010). Two mechanisms, insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion, are vital functions that lead to the development of Type 2 Diabetes. Insulin resistance is the effect that insulin has on insulin-sensitiveRead MoreThe Relationship between Genetics and Violence Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pagesactivity, especially within the orbitofrontal cortex and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Both of these brain areas have effects on decision making. Other causes are linked to hormones and neuroendocrine transmitters, like testosterone and dopamine. Dopamine is linked to the reward system, and testosterone is linked to general violent behavior. Lastly, some of the causes are linked to enzymes. Monoamine oxidase A is used in the treatment of depression and anxiety, and has been linked to the â€Å"warriorRead More Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Neurobiology of a Disorder or a Difference?1848 Words   |  8 Pagesbefore seven years of age, and some type of social, academic or occupational impairment must result from these symptoms in at least two different environments in which the child regularly interacts and performs tasks (3) . Specifically, the following functions are thought to be impaired: nonverbal working memory, internalization of self-directed speech, self-regulation of mood, motivation and level of arousal, and reconstitution (the ability to break down observed behaviors...that can be recombined...in